doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-
Article

Child-juvenile risks during confinement due to COVID-19: review of family prevention measures in Spain
Factores de riesgo infanto-juveniles durante el confinamiento por COVID-19: revisión de medidas de prevención familiar en España

Dra. María del Carmen Orte Socías1
Dr. Lluís Ballester Brage1
Lluc Nevot-Caldentey1

1Universitat de les Illes Balears. Spain.

Abstract
Introduction: Introduction: On March 14, 2020, the Spanish Government declared a state of alarm to face the health emergency situation caused by the rapid evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. The greatest impact of the restrictions applied by the lack of contact with the main areas of socialization has been on childhood and adolescence. The increase in the rates of family violence and the abusive consumption of gambling or pornography show the need to reinforce family prevention measures. Methodology: a review of the main family prevention measures applied in Spain was carried out. They are classified according to the levels of prevention (primary / educational-secondary / socio-educational-tertiary / psychological) and complementary measures identified at the international level are proposed.
Results: a large part of the Spanish prevention measures are tertiary in nature. Psychological telephone support was the measure most widely applied in the different regions of the Spanish state.
Discussion: Despite the emerging risks in Spanish households during confinement by COVID-19, no resources were identified so that families can effectively manage daily family dynamics. Conclusions: the need to provide primary risk prevention resources, aimed at improving family communication and parental skills, in order to reduce rates of family violence and the inappropriate use of ICT by children and adolescents, is concluded.

Keywords: childhood, adolescence, family, domestic violence, TIC, family life education, Spain.

Resumen
Introducción: El 14 de marzo de 2020, el Gobierno Español, declaró el estado de alarma para afrontar la situación de emergencia sanitaria provocada por la rápida evolución de la pandemia de COVID-19. El mayor impacto de las restricciones aplicadas por la falta de contacto con los principales ámbitos de socialización se ha dado sobre la infancia y la adolescencia. El incremento en de las tasas de violencia familiar y del consumo abusivo del juego o de la pornografía evidencian la necesidad de reforzar las medidas de prevención familiar.
Metodología: se realizó una revisión de las principales medidas de prevención familiar aplicadas en España. Se clasifican según los niveles de prevención (primario/educativo-secundario/socio-educativo-terciario/psicológico) y se proponen medidas complementarias identificadas en el ámbito internacional.
Resultados: gran parte de las medidas de prevención españolas son de carácter terciario. El apoyo psicológico telefónico fue la medida mayormente aplicada en las diferentes autonomías del estado español. Discusión: a pesar de los riesgos emergentes en los hogares españoles durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, no se identifican recursos para que las familias pudieran gestionar las dinámicas familiares cotidianas de manera efectiva.
Conclusiones: se concluye la necesidad de facilitar recursos de prevención primaria de riesgos, orientados a mejorar la comunicación familiar y las competencias parentales con tal de reducir las tasas de violencia familiar y el uso inadecuado de las TIC por parte de niños/as y adolescentes.

Palabras clave: infancia, adolescencia, familia, violencia doméstica, TIC, educación a la vida familiar, España.

Content
1. Introduction. 1.1. Rationale: Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on families. 1.2. Research question. 1.3. Theoretical framework.  2. Objectives. 3. Methodology.  3.1. Search results.  3.1.1. Family support measures in Spain during confinement by COVID-19. 3.1.2. Child and adolescent risks during confinement in Spain: national and international recommendations for their prevention. 4. Conclusions. 5. Bibliography.

Correspondence
Dra. María del Carmen Orte Socías. Universitat de les Illes Balears. España. carmen.orte@uib.es
Dr. Lluís Ballester Brage. Universitat de les Illes Balears. España. lluis.ballester@uib.es 
Lluc Nevot-Caldentey. Universitat de les Illes Balears. España. lluc.nevot@uib.es

Received: 15/04/2020.
Accepted: 19/08/2020.
Published: 30/10/2020

How to cite this article / Standard reference
Orte, C., Ballester, L. & Nevot-Caldentey, L. (2020). Child-juvenile risks during confinement due to COVID-19: review of family prevention measures in Spain. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 78, 205-236. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1475

Translation by Paula González (Universidad Católica Andrés Bello,Venezuela).

1. Introduction

In early December 2019, an outbreak of “2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia” (n-CoV) was detected in the Huanan City Wet Market in the city of Wuhan (China). In early January 2020, the CDC (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention) identified and isolated the first case of atypical pneumonia known as severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Li et al., 2020). SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through contact between people closer than 182.88 centimeters, through oral and nasal secretions that are transferred by the infected person, when inhaled by close people. Its spread can also occur among asymptomatic individuals. SARS-CoV-2 can cause breathing difficulties that require intensive care and / or cause death.
On April 8th, 2020, 1,426,096 infected people had been registered, with 81,865 deaths, and 300,054 recovered individuals worldwide, of which 146,690, 14,673, and 48,021, respectively, had been identified in Spain; A country that, after the US, with 400,004 infected individuals registered, 12,911 deaths, and 22,461 recovered people, was the country with the highest level of affectation.
Faced with the seriousness of the potential effects of COVID-19, both Wuhan and other Chinese regions adopted rigorous containment measures to control the epidemic. The WHO, declared on January 31st, 2020, more than 200 deaths and about 8 thousand confirmed cases, plus 98 infections in 18 countries, apart from China (RTVE, 2020; Ministry of Health, 2020). On March 11th, 2020, after evaluating the severity and spread of the outbreak, and with 118 thousand cases and 4,291 deaths, identified in 114 countries, the World Health Organization declared the global spread of COVID-10 as a “Pandemic caused by coronavirus” (WHO, 2020).

Source: self-made (Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020; Statista, 2020).


Graph 1. Number of confirmed coronavirus cases in Spain between February 12th and April 7th, 2020.

On March 14th, a state of alarm was declared in Spain to try to cope with the emergency caused by the degree of development of the pandemic. On April 8th, Spain already had 5,407 deaths and 143,247 individuals infected by COVID-19; when it reached the highest volume of confirmed infections worldwide, after the US. Cured people continued to increase, reaching 30.7% of the total, with 2,771 new discharges. After completing 24 days of quarantine, it was possible to reduce the daily evolution from 22% to 3%; a fact that indicated that the measures had begun to show effectiveness (RTVE, 2020; Ministry of Health, 2020).

Source: self-made (Ministry of Health, 2020; Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020; RTVE, 2020).


Graph 2. Evolution of confirmed cases in Spain by the clinical situation on April 8th, 2020.

Table 1. Confirmed cases, patients who have required ICU, deceased, and cured by COVID-19 by Autonomous Community –March 28th, 2020.


Source: self-made (Ministry of Health, 2020; Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020).

Two months later and since June 1, with 70% of the Spanish territory in the de-escalation phase, the balance of the Ministry of Health, recorded a total of 240,326 cases of contagion in Spain and 27,128 deaths. According to the latest available count, on May 18 the number of recovered was 150,376 people (RTVE, 2020; Ministry of Health, 2020). The simple transmission and level of fatality of COVID-19 indicate that society requires measures to prevent its spread.

1.1. Rationale: Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on families

The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has changed home dynamics. The UN (United Nations Organization) for Education, Science, and Culture indicated that approximately 38,000 million minors stopped attending schools and practicing group activities, such as team sports or playgrounds. While part of the mothers and fathers and/or caregivers worked telematically, taking care of the minors at the same time, others had to stop attending or were left without work, under the uncertainty given by the ignorance of the scope of the consequences and the duration of the situation (Cluver et al., 2020).
The rigor in the application of restrictive mobility measures generated a break in the performance of daily activities by the population. However, the greatest degree of impact occurred in the younger population, since home isolation meant the loss of contacts in different circles of socialization such as educational spaces, places where leisure activities and free time could take place, or the street itself. The situation with the greatest impact on those minors at risk, because they present different difficulties in their respective microsystems (degree of family breakdown, deficiencies in parenting family skills, and/or problems related to addictions), and for minors at risk, because they are under processes of residential or family care and/or in a situation of guardianship or custody by the Public Administration (Ministry of social rights and 2030 agenda, 2020).
The Osasun eskubidearen alde elkartea (OSALDE, 2020), lists the main risks given in situations of these characteristics, due to their potential risk to family health and well-being:

The rapid evolution of the pandemic has generated various implications for family health, mainly in families with a lower level of resources, with limited support and / or who do not receive the necessary income to meet daily family needs. 

Graph 3. Socio-ecological impact of COVID-19.

The high levels of stress suffered by families have and can lead to the erroneous adoption of coping strategies and thus generate an unsafe and/or risky context for minors (Ducy and Stough, 2011). It has been identified that child abuse rates, for their part, increase during periods in which educational spaces are closed (United Nations, 2020).

1.2. Research question

Evidence has indicated that vulnerability and violence have increased during periods of closure, due to health emergencies, of educational centers (Rothe et al., 2015). Family experimentation with uncertainty has increased levels of family stress, due to the application of exceptional measures, difficulties in reconciling family and work life, and/or the lack of support from the labor regulations applicable in the Spanish territory. In a large part of the households, this impact has increased the rates of abuse and violence of minors (UNICEF, 2020; WHO, 2020). Taking into account the changes that family life faces during COVID-19 confinement, this review aims to know:

- What are the family prevention measures most applied in Spain? What have been the main child and youth risks in families during confinement? What international family prevention strategies could complement the Spanish resources aimed at the family environment?

1.3. Theoretical framework 

Faced with the global pandemic experienced by the contagion of COVID-19, the Chinese government applied rigorous quarantine policies, managing to stop the spread of the pandemic, both in the continental regions of China and in the rest of the world. However, research has identified the occurrence of adverse psychological effects in children and adolescents (Liu et al., 2020). For minors in quarantine with their families, the stress levels given by contextual changes could be alleviated, to a certain extent, by applying/facilitating the appropriate resources. However, minors who are or have been separated from their relatives, require special attention, fundamentally in those cases of minors infected by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and who are in local hospitals or medical observation centers in quarantine, in those whose family caregivers have died from the disease, or in those isolated in sheltered apartments or centers for minors. More, if possible, in minors with special educational needs, or with mental health/addictive disorders that require treatment (Ortuño, 2020), since they may be more susceptible to the separation or loss of family/caregivers. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN, 2020) lists some recommendations in this regard:

On the other hand, time shared in confinement can also create the opportunity to develop stronger relationships with minors. UNICEF, WHO, the Global Alliance to End Violence against Children, the United States CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Parenting for Lifelong Health, and the Achievement for Africa's Adolescents Hub have collaborated to facilitate open access virtual parenting resources, specific to families in confinement by COVID-19.
They provide tips and advice for families to build positive relationships, to manage unwanted behaviors, and/or to manage family stress. These resources, supported by randomized controlled trials, can be shared via social media and are available online (Internet of Good Things (loGT) (Cluver et al., 2020; Vally et al., 2015; Ward et al., 2020).

The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action (2020) indicates several priority child protection responses within education (Education; CPMS Standard 23; INEE Resource List):

The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action (2020) proposes a series of actions to protect minors during the COVID-19 pandemic, focused on building abilities and/or positive coping strategies in families, communities, and/or minors.

Table 2. Priority actions for the protection of minors by ecological level.


Source: self-made (Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020; The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action, 2020).

2. Objectives

COVID-19 requires identifying and applying effective strategies to strengthen families to care for, respond to, and protect children and adolescents (Clark et al., 2020). This review was proposed to compile the main educational, socio-educational, and psychological resources for families in confinement due to COVID-19, at two levels:

3. Methodology 

A review of family measures applied by the different national and regional bodies and entities in Spain to support families in the face of mobility restrictions applied by COVID-19 is presented. This research was carried out between March 14th and April 11th, 2020.
As inclusion criteria, it was established that they were measures directed at the family (1); aimed at facilitating educational or primary prevention resources, socio-educational or secondary prevention resources, and psychological or tertiary prevention resources and/or treatment of emerging social problems during confinement (2).
For the classification of the measures applied in the Spanish territory, the types of prevention defined by the WHO (2020) were considered according to their action objectives:

Measures aimed at preventing/treating the main emerging problems in Spanish families were especially considered; family stress; work stress; family violence, online gambling, and pornography trafficking. The contents of the official state publications, and of the 17 autonomous regions and autonomous cities of Spain, and the resources of the online media were reviewed.

3.1. Search results 

In Spain, in light of the economic impact caused by COVID-19, a Decree was approved on March 12th by the Council of Ministers, which includes family support measures (State Agency Official State Bulletin, 2020):

3.1.1. Family support measures in Spain during confinement by COVID-19

Among the emergency measures applied, a set of resources and preventive strategies for families are identified, both at the national and regional levels. 

Table 3. Resources in the Spanish state of family support during confinement.


Source: self-made (Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020).

Table 4. Family support resources in confinement/ Autonomous Community.

Source: self-made (Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020).

In Spain, the labor market has shown different levels of affectation, starting from the health crisis caused by COVID-19 and the subsequent State of Alarm decree. In particular, a significant downward trend has been identified in the number of Social Security affiliates, which has been accompanied by a rebound in the volume of unemployed people, following the statistics of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (2020). Specifically, the greatest decreases in affiliation rates have occurred in Andalusia (-6.6%), in the Canary Islands (-6.3%), and in the Valencian Community (-5.8%) compared to the national drop of 4.7% (CROEM, 2020).
UNICEF, in collaboration with the ILO, has developed several recommendations for family support in the pandemic by companies. They indicate the need for public authorities to reinforce and increase social protection measures, above all, in families of special vulnerability, facilitating access to income and work, supporting employees, and promoting financial support for those individuals and families who lose their employment (UNICEF, 2020).
Spanish labor regulations have offered guarantees so that families affected by the closure of educational centers can see “days for their own business” contemplated when the applicable collective agreement contemplates it (1); can obtain paid permission for "an inexcusable public and personal duty" contained in art. 37.3d of the Workers' Statute.
For health workers it is defined as a public health issue (2); have the right to have their working hours adapted to facilitate “conciliation a la carte” (a measure to reconcile work and family life (3).
Royal Decree-Law 8/2020 of March 17th, includes exceptional adoption measures given from the health crisis caused by COVID-19:


Graph 4. Flowchart of Article 6. Of Royal Decree-Law 8/2020, of March 17, collected in CHAPTER 1 on “Measures to support workers, families, and vulnerable groups”. (Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020).

However, it is identified that the Workers' Statute does not contemplate the worker's right of absence from work, as provided for the figure of the employer in case of having to suspend the contract due to force majeure (Article 47 of the Workers' Statute) (Olías, 2020).
In certain autonomous communities, such as in the Balearic Islands (Decree-Law 6/2020, of April 1st) or Navarra (Provincial Law Decree (DFL), specific measures have been applied for families in particular vulnerability (Govern de les Illes Balears, 2020; Nafarroako Gobernua, 2020).

3.1.2. Child and adolescent risks during confinement in Spain: national and international recommendations for their prevention

People with consumption problems have faced the risks of the rest of the population, plus having to face the specific risks linked to the lack of possibilities to act in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) published a document on the implications of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and drug use, to give visibility to the risks related to coronavirus infection and drug use, encouraging the review, planning, and adaptation of those interventions of specialized and first-line services (EMCDDA, 2020).
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC, 2020), for its part, warned of the increased risk of weakening the immune system in those who suffer from an addictive drug disorder, especially injecting drugs. The abusive consumption of stimulant, disturbing, and/or depressant drugs increases the possibility of presenting somatic conditions such as hepatitis, HIV, cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, cancer, or tuberculosis. These conditions, together with the stigmatization and discrimination related to people who suffer from toxic use disorders, have been able to limit access to health care resources, housing, employment, or social support; circumstances that aggravate the difficulties of effective protection and prevention of contraction risks of COVID-19 (UNODC, 2020).
Along these lines, UNODC itself has offered a set of recommendations such as addressing continuous access to services (1), the safety of staff and patients in services, avoiding social gatherings (2), ensuring that the premises of services are kept under hygienic conditions - WHO has guidelines in this regard- (3), providing information and means so that individuals can protect themselves in different circumstances (4), and offering continuity in low-threshold services, through the distribution of Naloxone to those who may suffer from an opioid overdose, maximizing needle distribution efforts again for injecting drug users and considering the possibility of continuing support from peers, facilitating telematic means of communication.
Other measures identified among the UNODC recommendations have been (5) the facilitation of treatment to facilitate its continuity, including the facilitation of access to medicines through refills, measures to facilitate the application of treatment at home, home delivery, prescriptions, prolonged-release formulations, increased availability of drugs to treat relapse prevention, symptomatic drugs and/or for the treatment of co-occurring disorders (6), facilitation of the maintenance of psychosocial therapies (7), support for the homeless (8), and they indicate, with special attention: “under no conditions should a person be denied access to health care for the fact of consuming drugs!” (UNODC, 2020).
The situation of isolation can exacerbate the severity of substance use and the challenges generated by mental health disorders. SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) has compiled a set of resources on its web resource and has provided the possibility of generating support groups through the Zoom platform. SAMHSA also offers treatment guidance through telemedicine and has provided a set of prescriptions for the treatment of opioid use disorder, as well as advice on the care of hospitalized patients from mental health providers (Phd, 2020).
Confinement has led to an increase in the consumption of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies), since its use has spread as a tool for entertainment, socialization, information, and training as well as education, in face of the measures to restrict mobility, which have been applied as a result of the declaration of the State of Alarm. In these circumstances, the National Drug Plan in Spain (PNSD by its acronym in Spanish) has indicated the need to provide emotional support to minors and supervision, given the impact generated by the increase in the use of ICTs and the risks associated with it.
The abusive use of ICTs has been related to the appearance of sleep problems, and problems with academic performance and attention. Access to age-inappropriate content has been facilitated through the widespread use of ICT (PNSD, 2020).
The data have revealed that, specifically, the consumption of pornography has increased notably in Spain (61% above the average, during the state of alarm). Statistical data from Pornhub, a pornography website that provided free access to Premium accounts during quarantine, have shown that the Spanish population has experienced the largest increase, worldwide, in web traffic (50 points above the world maximum) (HuffingtonPost, 2020).
Regarding the abusive consumption of pornography, research has identified the lack of awareness about reproductive and sexual health, the consumption of pornography, and dysfunctional family functioning, as fundamental pillars of risk of developing sexual behaviors that pose a risk to the health of minors, with the health problems that these practices trigger (Panting et al., 2019; Ballester and Orte, 2019).
The WHO (2020), has revealed that more than 1 million individuals contract, annually, an STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection), that more than 376 million individuals contract diseases such as gonorrhea, syphilis, or chlamydia, there are more than 500 million individuals with herpes simplex (HSV), and that, besides, diseases such as syphilis, are generators of 305,000 neonatal or fetal deaths, of the fact that 215,000 babies have a greater risk of death due to prematurity, low birth weight, or some congenital disease, among other data that elucidate the need to implement measures to prevent the spread of STIs (WHO, 2020).
For its part, due to COVID-19, from the beginning of the infections until April 7th, 2020, 1,136,851 cases had been confirmed worldwide, of which 648,557 were in Europe and 135,032 in Spain (Government of Spain, 2020). By applying and complying with preventive measures, an improvement in the evolution of the duplication times of infections was identified.
At first, deaths doubled after two / three days of counting; a frequency that was reduced since the outbreak stopped being located in the exponential growth phase. The Spanish curve began to flatten, until reaching the maximum peak, both in deaths and in the volume of infections. Following Chinese trends, it was expected, at that time, a period in which the data would remain on a plateau (in China it remained for 2 weeks), to begin, later, with the remission phase (Government of Spain, 2020). 
The transmission of STIs comes fundamentally from the lack of protection in sexual relations; both oral and vaginal or anal, and are preventable through risk prevention applied at the time of sexual intercourse (WHO, 2019) and integral sexual and affective education (Venegas, 2014 and 2018). The Spanish Ministry of Health confirmed a 26% increase in registrations of people infected with some STIs (HIV Surveillance and Risk Behavior Unit, 2019). Therefore, the lack of effectiveness in the application of sexual and affective education measures that guide the population's awareness of the need to apply preventive measures in sexual relations is defined in this way. The persons of reference for minors are those who exert the greatest influence on the sexual and affective education of minors. Through their attitudes and their involvement in educational actions, they affect the degree of development of assertive response capacity in young people who face risks in their daily interaction with the internet and with the media (Mayer-Davis et al., 2019).
Although the behaviors and relationships with minors of relatives and reference adults have a decisive impact on decision-making about the affective and sexual relationships of minors, many families have difficulties and/or limitations when communicating effectively with minors on these issues. Both the media and the internet are defined as agents of sexual socialization with a powerful impact on young people; a fact that can promote risky and / or early sexual activity in those minors who are living in family environments where there is a lack of effective communication in this regard (Prado et al., 2019; Scull et al., 2019).
The results of various meta-analyzes and systematic reviews related to reproductive and sexual health issues have highlighted, in turn, the effectiveness of family interventions aimed at improving sexual communication and have encouraged the development of other social and communication skills (Wight and Fullerton, 2013; Gavin et al., 2015, Santa María et al., 2015, Widman et al., 2019). Family behavioral interventions have also been shown to be effective in preventing drug use and the development of sexual risk behaviors (Prado et al., 2019).
Apart from the risks to the sexual health of young people, confinement has harbored other emerging problems, among which the increase in online gambling stands out; During the first week in confinement, various families had to call Patim, an association aimed at preventing and treating addiction problems, warning of gambling in minors (Moreno, 2020). On March 31st, the Spanish Ministry of Consumer Affairs banned online gambling advertisements to intensify protective measures for public health (Vélez, 2020).
Apart from the different family resources defined in Table 5, selected for constituting useful international references concerning the use of ICTs, the PNSD (National Plan on Drugs by its acronym in Spanish) of Spain also included certain recommendations to avoid abusive use of ICT by minors during confinement for COVID-19.

*From 0 to 2 years old, the use of screens is not recommended. From 2 to 4 years old, maximum, 1 hour a day (Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020).

Table 5. International reference resources.


Source: self-made (Orte and Nevot-Caldentey, 2020).

The Royal Decree-Law 11/2020, on complementary urgent measures in the social and economic sphere, it expressly indicates that “given the implications of the declaration of the state of alarm in terms of mobility and leisure activities available to citizens, to avoid the intensification of online gambling consumption (…), which can lead to compulsive or even pathological consumption behaviors (especially to protect minors, young adults, or people with gambling disorders at a time of greater exposure), the commercial communications made by state-level gambling operators are limited, including entities designated for the commercialization of lottery games” (p. 432) (State Agency Official State Bulletin, April 10th, 2020).  

4. Conclusions

The review presented in this article was proposed to collect prevention measures (primary, secondary, and tertiary), applicable at the national and regional level, in Spain, that aimed at family care in confinement as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was also proposed to define the main child and youth risks generated in Spanish homes during confinement and define the measures, at an international level, complementary to the actions applied in Spain, and that would be useful for Spanish families to face, with resilience, confinement situations.
The mobility restriction measures have been shown to have effects on family well-being, by increasing stress in coexistence situations, contributing to generate a greater volume of situations of violence and intrafamily abuse (1), increasing risks for the well-being of minors in the face of the loss of contact with the main areas of socialization and education, being replaced by the consumption of the resources available in ICT (2). 
The results of this review have indicated that a large part of the Spanish measures has been aimed at, tertiary, preventing family problems during confinement. Fundamentally, psychological support measures have been identified given by the provision of psychological telephone support lines. Of the identified lines, a large part has been aimed at supporting families affected by losses from coronavirus infections. In the Balearic Islands, as well as in other various autonomous regions, the implementation of resources and services aimed at giving attention to crises and situations of family violence was identified. Services were also activated, both nationally and regionally, to psychologically support, by telephone, social, residential, and emergency ways, the Mask-19 campaign.
Regarding the risks faced by Spanish families due to the increase in the consumption and use of technologies in confinement, certain educational recommendations linked to promoting continuity in the training and education of minors at home with their families were identified; It is necessary to give greater emphasis to the development and practice of parenting and family relationship skills, to improve or enhance family dynamics and abilities to prevent, at the primary level, the main risks for minors, in situations family confinement. As a result of the declaration of the State of Alarm, a worsening was identified in the data on consumption problems in the Spanish state. Especially striking were the data about the rise reflected in the statistics published by Pornhub during confinement. Faced with the potential risks presented by addictions posed by isolation and lack of mobility, several measures are identified to prevent the aggravation of drug use, to give continuity to treatment, and also to prevent gambling consumption, based on of the urgent measures that were applied by the Spanish Ministry of Consumer Affairs and that were reflected in the BOE. Also, for the resources provided by various international reference agencies on addictions and their prevention. In any case, it defines the need to implement, to a greater extent, measures that allow families to prevent the impact of consumption, on the one hand, of pornography in minors, defining itself as one of the main sources of sexual education and risks. Given the effectiveness in improving youth sexual behaviors from the improvement of family dynamics and family communication, the need to put into practice and enhance family relationship skills provided from international sources included in this review is identified. In turn, socio-educational intervention measures are identified in a large part of the Spanish autonomous communities and educational measures are facilitated by various international reference institutions of family support in the prevention of the main defined risks.
This review had certain limitations, among which are the difficulties in guaranteeing the inclusion of all the documentary sources that were of interest and that were published, about resources implemented during confinement and that were intended for families. The search, carried out indirectly, consisted of tracking the initiatives by region and at the international and national level, harboring the possibility of having excluded certain resources that could have been of interest, according to the objectives of the study.
The main results of the review indicate the efficiency of the organization and the dedication of family time available during the confinement period, to put into practice healthy family relationship skills, and how they can be useful for effective coping and from resilience, from family stress situations and for the prevention of emerging risks in childhood and youth stages.

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Authors

María del Carmen Orte Socías
University of the Balearic Islands, Department of Pedagogy and Specific Didactics, Educational and Social Research and Training Group (GIFES by its acronym in Spanish).
Graduated in Psychology and Doctor in Educational Sciences. University professor. She has 4 five-year periods of recognized teaching and 4 six-year research periods. Research excellence is active. She is the IP of GIFES, of the UIB. She created the Open University for the Elderly (UOM by its acronym in Spanish). In the field of family education and lifelong learning, she has three active competitive research, one national and two European. She is the director of the Chair of Attention to Dependence and Promotion of Personal Autonomy, of the Balearic Islands Aging Yearbook, of the International Summer Senior University, and of the Research Laboratory on Family and Coexistence Modalities (LIFAC by its acronym in Spanish).
Carmen.orte@uib.es
Index H: 22
Orcid ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4695-4411
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=qnDoQJkAAAAJ&hl=es
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carmen_Orte
Academia.edu: https://uib-es.academia.edu/CarmenOrte

Lluís Ballester Brage
University of the Balearic Islands, Department of Pedagogy and Specific Didactics, Educational and Social Research and Training Group (GIFES by its acronym in Spanish).
Doctor in Sociology and Philosophy, Diploma in Social Work. He has worked as an educator and social worker in the Palma City Council, Cáritas, and in the Consell de Mallorca. From 1988 to 1996 he was responsible for the Planning and Studies Department of the Social Welfare and Health area of the Consell de Mallorca. Since 1997 he has been a professor of Research Methods at the UIB Faculty of Education. From 2002 to 2003 he was the director of the University Quality Agency of the Balearic Islands. From 2007 to 2011 he was the director of the Institute of Education Sciences. Member of the Educational and Social Research and Training Group (GIFES by its acronym in Spanish).
Lluis.ballester@uib.es
Index H: 21
Orcid ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1861-7511
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=X7I2MnIAAAAJ&hl=en
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lluis_Brage
Academia.edu: https://uib-es.academia.edu/Llu%C3%ADsBallester

Lluc Nevot-Caldentey
University of the Balearic Islands, Department of Pedagogy and Specific Didactics, Educational and Social Research and Training Group (GIFES by its acronym in Spanish).
Graduated in Social Work and Master in Socio-educational Intervention with Minors and Family from the University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), and postgraduate in Systemic Family Intervention from the Center for Family and Couple Therapy of Barcelona (KINE). Currently, she is a student of the Doctorate in Education program (UIB) through a predoctoral contract (FPI-MINECO) and a member of the UIB's Educational and Social Research and Training Group (GIFES). Previously, she has worked as a dependency appraiser for the Foundation for Care and Support for Dependency and the Promotion of Personal Autonomy of the Balearic Islands, of the General Directorate of Dependency, and as a social worker in the field of single parenting at risk of social exclusion. 
lluc.nevot@uib.es
Index H: 2
Orcid ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-6674
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=FeQ0pCsAAAAJ&hl=ca
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lluc_Caldentey
Academia.edu: https://independent.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADadeLlucNevotCaldentey