The pseudo-political discourse of the second screen. #ElDebateEnRTVE seen through its prosumers

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1440

Keywords:

Spanish general election; April 28th; electoral debate; Twitter; pragmatic discourse analysis; pseudo-politics

Abstract

Introduction: Our object of analysis is the conversation held on Twitter in one of the election debates in the campaign in the Spanish General Elections of April 28th, 2019; precisely, the one that took place on April 22 on the public broadcasting corporation Radiotelevisión Española among the leaders of the four main political parties: the ruling Socialists, the conservative People’s Party (PP), the centre-right Ciudadanos and the left-wing Unidas-Podemos. Methodology: The methodology used in the work is the Pragmatic Discourse Analysis, and quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques are used. The data was coded and analyzed with Atlas.ti software. For the analysis, a total of 1000 tweets were randomly selected from among the most popular Twitter debate hashtags: #ElDebateEnRTVE and #ELDEBATEenRTVE. Results: The results indicate that the four parties participated in the second screen conversation generated on Twitter. The parties mostly preferred to praise their candidate, instead of attacking others that was the sample results. On the other part was Ciudadanos, who decided to the attack the PSOE and only afterwards to praise their candidate. Debate and Conclusions: As for the issues discussed by audiences, they were not exactly political but pseudo-political. The memes, ironic messages and jokes were not especially prominent in this transmedia debate.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Paz Villar-Hernández, University of Valencia

Paz Villar-Hernández has a Ph.D. from the University of Valencia, a Degree in Journalism (Information Sciences) from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, and a Master in Education and ICT (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya). She currently works as a technician at the Servei de Formació Permanent i Innovació Educativa of the University of Valencia. Among her research interests are political discourse, audiovisual communication, media, scientific publishing, and Higher Education. She is editor of the scientific journal, Research in Education and Learning Innovation Archives (REALIA): https//www.uv.es/realia and is part of the Editorial Committees of the Journal of New Approaches of Educational Research (NAER) and RELIEVE (Electronic Magazine of Research and Educational Evaluation) among others. She has worked at Duke University (United States) and has made stays at Northampton University and K.U. Leuven She has participated in the PRODISNET 01 and PRODISNET 02 research projects.

References

ABC (23/04/2019). Los «memes» que ha dejado el primer debate electoral. https://www.abc.es/recreo/abci-memes-dejado-primer-debate-electoral-201904231010_noticia.html

Anstead, N. & O’Loughlin, B. (2011). The Emerging Viewertariat and BBC Question Time: Television Debate and Real-Time Commenting Online. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(4), 440-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211415519

Austin, J. L. (Ed.) (1962). How to do things with words. The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955. Oxford University Press.

Barlovento Comunicación (23/04/2019). El Debate Electoral fue visto por 8,8 millones de espectadores [Press release]. https://www.barloventocomunicacion.es/audiencias-diarias/lunes-22-abril-2019/

Benoit, W. L. (1999). Seeing spots: a functional analysis of presidential television advertisements, 1952-1996. Praeger.

Bentivegna, S. & Marchetti, R. (2015). Live tweeting a political debate: The case of the ‘Italia bene comune’. European Journal of Communication, 30(6), 631-647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115595526

Benveniste, É. (1958). De la subjetividad en el lenguaje. En Problemas de lingüística general. Volumen I. Siglo XXI.

Blas Arroyo, J. L. (1998). “Pero no me interrumpa usted, haga el favor” Las interrupciones en el debate político-electoral. Mediterranean Language Review, (10), 54-88.

Blas Arroyo, J. L. (1999). “Diga por qué, diga por qué...” La repetición en el debate político electoral. Revista de Investigación Lingüística, 2(1), 5-42.

Blas Arroyo, J. L. (2003). 'Perdóneme que se lo diga, pero vuelve usted a faltar a la verdad, señor Gonzalez': Form and function of politic verbal behaviour in face-to-face Spanish political debates. Discourse and Society, 14(4), 395-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926503014004001

Boyd, D., Golder, S. & Lotan, G. (2010). Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational Aspects of Retweeting on Twitter. Comunicación presentada en la Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-43, Hawaii. https://www.danah.org/papers/TweetTweetRetweet.pdf

Cabrejas-Peñuela, A. (2015). Manipulation in Spanish and American pre-election political debates:The Rajoy-Rubalcaba vs. Obama–McCain debates. Intercultural Pragmatics, 12(4), 515-546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2015-0025

Cabrejas-Peñuelas, A. B. (2015). Manipulation in Spanish and American pre-election political debates: The Rajoy-Rubalcaba vs. Obama-McCain debates. Intercultural Pragmatics, 12(4), 515-546. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2015-0025

Cabrejas-Peñuelas, A. B. & Díez-Prados, M. (2014). Positive self-evaluation versus negative other-evaluation in the political genre of pre-election debates. Discourse and Society, 25(2), 159-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926513515601

Callejón, P. L. (2001). La influencia de los debates electorales sobre la decisión de voto: el caso de mayo de 1993 en España. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, (5), 143-170.

Campos Freire, F. (2008). Las redes sociales trastocan los modelos de los medios de comunicación tradicionales. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (63), 277-286.

Cantavella-Blasco, J., Bullough, R., Curiel-Calleja, L. A., Blanco-Sieger, B. M., Mejía-Chiang, C. y Pittaro, E. (2008). Algunos aspectos lingüísticos de los debates electorales Zapatero-Rajoy 2008. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, (14), 79-98.

Chadwick, A. (2011). Britain’s First Live Televised Party Leaders’ Debate: From the News Cycle to the Political Information Cycle. Parliamentary Affairs, 64(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsq045

Chadwick, A., O’Loughlin, B. & Vaccari, C. (2017). Why People Dual Screen Political Debates and Why It Matters for Democratic Engagement. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(2), 220-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017.1309415

Charaudeau, P. (2005). Quand l'argumentation n'est que visée persuasive. L'exemple du discours politique. En M. Burger y G. Martel. Argumentation et communication dans les médias. Éditions Nota Bene. https://www.patrick-charaudeau.com/IMG/pdf/2005_e_Argum-_et_persuasion_Burger_.pdf

Cortazar Rodríguez, F. J. (2014). Imágenes rumorales, memes y selfies: elementos comunes y significados. Iztapalapa, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, (77), 191-214.

Cuenca, M. J. y Marín, M. J. (2015). La representación discursiva del adversario en el debate electoral. Oralia, (18), 45-79.

del-Fresno García, M. y Daly, A. J. (2019). Límites para la comunicación política desde las grandes plataformas sociales de Internet. Un caso de estudio: de la casta a la trama. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, (165), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.165.65

Doughty, M., Rowland, D. & Lawson, S. (2012). Who is on Your Sofa? TV Audience Communities and Second Screening Social Networks. Comunicación presentada en el EuroITV 2012, Berlin.

Díez-Prados, M. & Cabrejas-Peñuelas, A. B. (2018). Evaluation of “Status” as a Persuasive Tool in Spanish and American pre-electoral debates in times of Crisis. Atlantis, 40(2), 169-195. https://doi.org/10.28914/Atlantis-2018-40.2.09

El Heraldo (23/04/2019). Los mejores memes del debate en RTVE. https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/nacional/2019/04/22/debate-electoral-rtve-elecciones-generales-2019-mejores-memes-redes-1310747.html

Elmer, G. (2012). Live research: Twittering an election debate. New Media & Society, 15(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457328

FCINCO (23/04/2019). Los memes del debate electoral de TVE: propuestas para superar el tedio. El Mundo. https://www.elmundo.es/f5/2019/04/22/5cbe1de421efa08d2e8b45d6.html

Fernández García, F. (2009). Los debates Zapatero /vs/ Rajoy de 2008. Claves discursivas de una victoria. Linred: Lingüística en la Red, (6), 1-37.

Fillmore, C. (1985). Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica, 6(2), 222-254.

Fillmore, C. J. (1976). Frame Semantics and The Nature of Language. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, (280), 20-32.

Freelon, D. & Karpf, D. (2015). Of big birds and bayonets: hybrid Twitter interactivity in the 2012 Presidential debates. Information, Communication & Society, 18(4), 390-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.952659

G. C. (22/04/2019). Del 'marquito' de Rivera a los chopitos de Iglesias: las reacciones en las redes al debate. El Confidencial. https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2019-04-22/memes-troleos-bromas-debate-electoral-rtve_1956106/

Gallardo-Paúls, B. (1996). Análisis conversacional y pragmática del receptor. Episteme.

Gallardo-Paúls, B. (2013). Niveles pragmáticos y cognición: estrategias lingüísticas de encuadre en el discurso político. Anthropos, (239), 191-210.

Gallardo-Paúls, B. (2014). Usos políticos del lenguaje. Un discurso paradójico. Anthropos.

Gallardo-Paúls, B. (2017). Pseudopolítica en la red: indicadores discursivos de desideologización en Twitter. Pragmalingüística, (25), 8-30.

Gallardo-Paúls, B. (2018). Discurso político y desplazamientos discursivos. En C. E. Llamas (Ed.), El análisis del discurso político: géneros y metodologías. EUNSA.

Gallardo-Paúls, B. y Enguix Oliver, S. (2016). Pseudopolítica: el discurso político en las redes sociales. Valencia: Dept Teoria dels Llenguatges i Ciències de la Comunicació-UV.

García-Marín, J. (2015). La cobertura mediática de los debates electorales en España Revista Española de Ciencia Política, (38), 135-161.

Gil de Zúñiga, H. & Liu, J. H. (2017). Second Screening Politics in the Social Media Sphere: Advancing Research on Dual Screen Use in Political Communication with Evidence from 20 Countries. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(2), 193-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017.1309420

Guerrero-Solé, F. & Mas-Manchón, L. (2017). Structure of the political tweets during the electoral campaigns of 2015 and 2016 in Spain. El Profesional de la Informacion, 26(5), 805-815.

Hosch-Dayican, B., Amrit, C., Aarts, K. & Dassen, A. (2014). How Do Online Citizens Persuade Fellow Voters? Using Twitter During the 2012 Dutch Parliamentary Election Campaign. Social Science Computer Review, 34(2), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314558200

Ibarretxe Antuñano, I. (2013). La lingüística cognitiva y su lugar en la historia de la lingüística. Revista española de lingüística aplicada, (26), 245-266.

Jefferson-Henrique (2016). Get Old Tweets Programmatically. Online: GitHub.

Justo, D. (23/04/2019). “En su cabeza sonaba espectacular”: los memes sobre el primer debate electoral. cadenaser.com. https://cadenaser.com/ser/2019/04/23/politica/1555996283_414540.html

Kalsnes, B. (2014). Social media as a political backchannel. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 66(3), 313-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-09-2013-0093

Kalsnes, B., Krumsvik, A. H. & Storsul, T. (2014). Social media as a political backchannel. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 66(3), 313-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-09-2013-0093

Lakoff, G. (1990). Women, fire, and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press.

Lakoff, G. y Johnson, M. (1980). Metáforas de la vida cotidiana (C. González Marín, Trans.). Cátedra.

LOM. (23/04/2019). Los memes del debate de TVE. Levante-EMV. https://www.levante-emv.com/elecciones/2019/04/22/memes-debate-tve/1865516.html

López-García, G., Llorca-Abad, G., Valera-Ordaz, L. y Peris-Blanes, A. (2018). Los debates electorales, ¿el último reducto frente la mediatización? Un estudio de caso de las elecciones generales españolas de 2015. Palabra Clave, 21(3), 772-797. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2018.21.3.6

López-Meri, A. (2017). Contribución ciudadana al debate electoral y su cobertura periodística en Twitter. Prisma Social, (18), 1-33.

Mazzoleni, G. (2014). La comunicación política. Difusora Larousse - Alianza Editorial.

T. Meyer (2002). Media Democracy. How the Media Colonize Politics. Polity Press.

Pedersen, S., Baxter, G., Burnett, S., Göker, A., Corney, D. & Martin, C. (2015). Backchannel chat: peaks and troughs in a Twitter response to three televised debates during the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum campaign, Krems, Austria.

Quintas Froufe, N. & Quintas Froufe, E. (2010). Cara a cara electoral televisado: análisis audiovisual de los debates presidenciales. Miguel Hernández Communication Journal, (1), 20-39.

Redacción Yo Tele (23/04/2018). Los mejores memes del debate a cuatro organizado por RTVE. El Periódico de Cataluña. https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20190423/mejores-memes-debate-cuatro-rtve-7419500

Roncallo-Dow, S., Córdoba-Hernández, A. M. & Durán Camero, M. (2019). Aylan Kurdi, Twitter y la indignación efímera. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, (165), 121-142. https://dx.doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.165.121

Ruiz del Olmo, F. J. y Bustos Díaz, J. (2017). La evolución del debate televisivo como herramienta de comunicación política. Análisis del caso español: de la televisión a Twitter. Informação & Sociedade: Estudos, 27(2), 235-252. https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1809-4783.2017v27n2.32491

Rúas Araújo, J., Fernández Holgado, J. y Alén Amil, J. Á. (2018). La regulación de los debates electorales en el servicio audiovisual público. RISTI. Revista Ibérica de Sistema e Tecnologias de Informaçao, 16(11), 158-170.

Searle, J. R. (1969). Actos de habla: ensayo filosófico del lenguaje (1980 Ed.). Cátedra.

Shamma, D. A., Kennedy, L. & Churchill, E. F. (2009). Tweet the debates: understanding community annotation of uncollected sources. Comunicación presentada en el Proceedings of the first SIGMM workshop on Social media, Beijing, China. https://doi.org/10.1145/1631144.1631148

Toffler, A. (1980). The Third Wave. William Morrow and Company.

Trilling, D. (2015). Two Different Debates? Investigating the Relationship Between a Political Debate on TV and Simultaneous Comments on Twitter. Social Science Computer Review, 33(3), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314537886

Vaccari, C., Chadwick, A. & O'Loughlin, B. (2015). Dual Screening the Political: Media Events, Social Media, and Citizen Engagement. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 1041-1061. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12187

Vallespín, F. (2015). Política y nuevas redes. Revista TELOS. Revista de Pensamiento, Sociedad y Tecnologí, (100), 1-5.

van Dijk, T. A. (2003). Political Discourse and Ideology. Doxa Comunicación: revista interdisciplinar de estudios de Comunicación y Ciencias Sociales, (1), 207-222.

Vergeer, M. & Franses, P. H. (2016). Live audience responses to live televised election debates: time series analysis of issue salience and party salience on audience behavior. Information Communication and Society, 19(10), 1390-1410.

Verne. (23/04/2019). De las lecturas de la Constitución de Iglesias al silencio de Rivera: el debate en tuits. El País. https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2019/04/22/articulo/1555941993_271729.html

Villar-Hernández, P. (2019). Dime de qué hablas y te diré quién eres. El encuadre discursivo del periodista en Twitter durante la campaña electoral del 26J. In N. l. Pellisser & J. Oleaque (Eds.), Mutaciones discursivas en el siglo XXI: la política en los medios y las redes. Tirant Humanidades.

Wells, C., Van Thomme, J., Maurer, P., Hanna, A., Pevehouse, J., Shah, D. V. & Bucy, E. (2016). Coproduction or cooptation? Real-time spin and social media response during the 2012 French and US presidential debates. French Politics, 14(2), 206-233. https://doi.org/10.1057/fp.2016.4

Wodak, R. (2001). The discourse-historical approach. En R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 63-94). SAGE Publications.

Zappavigna, M. (2011). Ambient affiliation: A linguistic perspective on Twitter. New Media & Society, 13(5), 788-806. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810385097

Published

2020-04-28

How to Cite

Villar-Hernández, P. . (2020). The pseudo-political discourse of the second screen. #ElDebateEnRTVE seen through its prosumers. Revista Latina De Comunicación Social, (76), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1440

Issue

Section

Miscellaneous