Mediación parental y habilidades digitales de los adolescentes de la Comunidad de Madrid: competencias y desempeño

María Cruz  L´ópez de Ayala; Cristina Ponte; Rebeca Martín Nieto

doi:10.4185/RLCS-2021-1523

Authors

María Cruz L´ópez de Ayala Rey Juan Carlos University http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6989-866X
Cristina Ponte Universidade NOVA of Lisbon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1534-4784
Rebeca Martín Nieto Universidad Rey Juan Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3184-3564

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2021-1523

Keywords:

Parental mediation, digital skills, digital performance, digital knowledge, adolescents, Internet, social networks

Abstract

Introduction: A positive use of the internet and social media, taking advantage of its opportunities and coping with its dangers, requires digital skills. Parental mediation is considered a critical factor for children and adolescents to acquire digital knowledge and skills, performing them in daily behavior. Methodology: Controlling variables such as sex, age, time of use and age of initiation in social networks, this article examines the relationship between different forms of parental mediation reported by Spanish adolescents, on the one hand, and their digital skills and performance, on the other. Using data from a survey of a representative sample of 524 pupils from1st to 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education (from 12 to 16 years) in the Autonomous Region of Madrid (Spain). Results: we found that both restrictive mediation and active mediation oriented towards safety and well-being impacts on the online skills of adolescents, albeit weakly: restrictive mediation limits the development of digital skills, while forms of active mediation strengthens those skills. However, age and time of use influence more their implementation. Conclusions: The results suggest that, for adolescents’ digital performance, either restrictive parental practices or parental practices warning about risks and advising good online uses are not more relevant than factors related to age and experience of use.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

María Cruz L´ópez de Ayala, Rey Juan Carlos University

Doctor in Communication at the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos of Madrid (URJC) (2007), she is an Associate Professor of the area at the Faculty of Communication Sciences at the URJC, and has been Visiting Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Sciences and at Universidade Nova of Lisbon. Her main lines of research are related to: young audiences and adolescents on the Internet and social networks; minors, parental mediation, and the media. She has participated in different research projects, both competitive and art. 83, published in national and international scientific journals.

Cristina Ponte, Universidade NOVA of Lisbon

Doctor in Communication Sciences (2002), she is a Full Professor of Media and Journalism Studies at the Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas at the Universidade NOVA of Lisbon (NOVA FCSH). She is the coordinator of the Portuguese team in the EU Kids Online network, she contributed to the formation of the Kids Online Latin America network. She is currently a coordinating member of the European project ySKILLS (2020-2014). She is vice president of the ECREA Working Group on Children, Youth, and Media (2012-2017) and COST Action IS0906 (2010-2014). She is the coordinator of the projects Inclusión y Participación Digital (2009-2011), the UT Austin-Portugal Program, and Children and Youth in the News (2005-2007), funded by FCT. She is the author/editor of 13 books, she has more than 40 articles published in international and national journals.

Rebeca Martín Nieto, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

Doctor in Communication Sciences (2010) and Master in Neurodidactics. Associate Professor at the Faculty of Communication Sciences (URJC). Her main lines of research revolve around communication and education, as well as the radio. She has participated in different research projects related to communication in organizations and the influence of the Internet in childhood and adolescence. She is part of the Solidar&Dar Research Group and the Communication, Society, and Culture Research Group (GICOMSOC).

References

Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Comunicación (AIMC) (Noviembre, 7th 2018). “Más del 40% de los niños ve contenidos televisivos en los dispositivos móviles o el ordenador. Estudio AIMC Niñ@s 2018” (Nota de prensa). http://bit.ly/2Sm1Gpe

Ballesteros, J.C. y Picazo, L. (2018). Las TIC y su influencia en la socialización de adolescentes. FAD. https://bit.ly/3l30IdC

Bartau, I., Aierbe, A. y Oregui, E. (2018). Mediación parental del uso de Internet en el alumnado de Primaria: creencias, estrategias y dificultades. [Parental mediation of the nternet use of Primary students: Beliefs, strategies, and difficulties]. Comunicar, 54(26), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.3916/C54-2018-07

Bartau, I., Aierbe, A. y Oregui, E. (2020). Mediación parental del uso de Internet desde una perspectiva de género. [Parental mediation of Internet use from a gender perspective]. Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa, 22, e02, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.24320/redie.2020.22.e02.2075

Beyens, I., Valkenburg, P.M. y Piorowski, J.T. (2019). Developmental trajectories of parental mediation across early and middle childhood. Human Communication Research, 45, 226-250. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqy016

Bisquerra, R. (1989). Introducción conceptual al análisis multivariable. Un enfoque informático con los paquetes SPSS-X, BMDP, LISREL Y SPAD. PPU.

boyd, d. y Hargittai, E. (2010). Facebook privacy setting. Who cares? First Monday, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v15i8.3086

Cabello-Hutt, T., Cabello, P. y Claro, M. (2017). Online opportunities and risks for children and adolescents: The role of digital skills, age, gender, and parental mediation in Brazil. New Media & Society, 20(7), 2411-2431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724168

Clark, L. S. (2011). Parental mediation theory for the digital age. Communication Theory, 21(3), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed). L. Erlbaum Associates.

Duerager, A. y Livingstone, S. (2012). How can parents support children’s internet safety? LSE. EU Kids Online. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42872

Eastin, M.S., Greenberg, B.S. y Hofschire, L. (2006). Parenting the internet. Journal of Communication, 56, 486-504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00297.x

Erickson, L.B., Wisniewski, P., Xu, H., Carroll, J.M., Rosson, M.B. y Perkin, D.F. (2016). The boundaries between: Parental involvement in a teen’s online world. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(6), 1384–1403. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23450

Festl, R. (2020). Social media literacy & adolescent social online behavior in Germany. Journal of Children and Media, 15(2), 249-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1770110

Garmendia, M., Jiménez, E., Casado, M.Á. y Mascheroni, G. (2016). Riesgos y oportunidades en internet y uso de dispositivos móviles entre menores españoles (2010-2015). Red.es/Universidad del País Vasco. https://bit.ly/2GnJ31D

Chen, V.H.H. y Chng, G.S. (2016). Active and restrictive parental mediation over time: Effects on youths’ self-regulatory competencies and impulsivity. Computers & Education, 98, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.012

Glatz, T., Crowe, E. y Buchanan, C.M. (2018). Internet-specific parental self-efficacy: Developmental differences and links to Internet-specific mediation. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.014

Glüer, M. y Lohaus, A. (2018). Elterliche und kindliche Einschätzung von elterlichen Medienerziehungsstrategien und deren Zusammenhang mit der kindlichen Internetnutzungskompetenz [Parents' and children's perspectives of parental mediation strategies in association with children's internet skills]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr, 67(2),181-203. https://doi.org/10.13109/prkk.2018.67.2.181

Haddon, L. (2015). Children’s critical evaluation of parental mediation. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9(1), article 2. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2015-1-2

Haddon, L., Cino, Davide, Doyle, M-A, Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G. y Stoilova, M. (2020). Children’s and young people’s digital skills: a systematic evidence review. KU Leuven, Leuven: ySKILLS. https://zenodo.org/record/4274654#.YGD2gS35TC8

Havighurst, RJ (1972). Developmental tasks and Education. Longman, New York & London (Original: 1948)

Helsper, E. J., Schneider, L. S., van Deursen, A. J.A.M. y van Laar, E. (2021). The youth Digital Skills Indicator: Report on the conceptualisation and development of the ySKILLS digital skills measure. KU Leuven, Leuven: ySKILLS. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4608010

Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (2020). Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación en los hogares. http://www.ine.es/

Jeong, S.H., Cho, H. y Hwang, Y. (2012). Media literacy interventions: A meta‐analytic review. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 454-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01643.x

Li, J., Willems, Y.E., Stok, F.M., Dekivic, M., Bartels, M. y Kinkenauer, C. (2019). Parenting and Self-control across early to late adolescence: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 967-1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619863046

Leung, L. y Lee, P.S. (2012). The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks. New Media and Society, 14(1), 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811410406

Livingstone, S. y Helsper, E. (2008). Parental mediation and children's Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396

Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A. y Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet. The perspective of European children. Full findings and policy implication form the EU Kids Online survey of 9–16 year olds and their parents in 25 countries. EU Kids Online. http://bit.ly/34igdIa

Livingstone, S., Olafsson, K., Helsper, E.J., Lupianez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G.A. y Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children Online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67, 82e105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277

López-de-Ayala, M.C., Martínez-Pastor, E. y Catalina-García, B. (2019). Nuevas estrategias de mediación parental en el uso de las redes sociales por adolescentes. El Profesional de la Información, 28(5). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.23

Martínez, G., Casado, M. y Garitaonandia, C. (2020). Online parental mediation strategies in family contexts of Spain. [Estrategias online de mediación parental en contextos familiares de España]. Comunicar, 65, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.3916/C65-2020-06

Nikken, P. y Schols, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3423–3435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0144-4

Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S. y Haddon, L. (2013). Children’s use of online technologies in Europe. A review of the European evidence base. EU Kids Online. https://bit.ly/WH0wp8

Pastor-Ruiz, Y., Martín-Nieto, R. y Montes-Vozmediano, M. (2019). Patrones de uso, control parental y acceso a la información de los adolescentes en la red [Patterns of use, parental control and access to information for adolescents in the network]. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 25(2), 995-1012. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/esmp.64821

Ponte, C. y Batista, S. (2020). Ambientes familiares e mediações digitais. In Ponte, C. (Coord..), Nós na rede. Ambientes digitais de crianças e jovens. Almedina & ERC.

Rodríguez-de-Dios, I. y Igartua, J.J. (2016). Skills of digital literacy to address the risks of interactive communication. Journal of Information Technology Research, 9(1), 54e64. https://doi.org/10.4018/JITR.2016010104

Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van Oosten, J. y Igartua, J.J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 2, 186e198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012

Sánchez-Valle, M., de-Frutos-Torres, B. y Vázquez-Barrio, T. (2017). La influencia de los padres en la adquisición de habilidades críticas en Internet. [Parent’s influence on acquiring critical Internet skills]. Comunicar, 53, 103-111. https://doi.org/10.3916/C53-2017-10

Sasson, H. y Mesch, G. (2019). Parental mediation. In R. Hobbs, & P. Mihailidis (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of media literacy. Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0177

Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S. y Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo

Soh, P.C., Chew, K.W., Koay, K.Y. y Ang, P.H. (2018). Parents vs peers’ influence on teenagers’ Internet addiction and risky online activities. Telematics and Informatic, 35, 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.11.003

Sonck, N., Nikken, P. y de Haan, J. (2013). Determinants of internet mediation. A comparison of the reports by Duch parents and children. Journal of Children and Media, 7(1), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2012.739806

Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Emmery, K., Walrave, M. y Heirman, W. (2017). Parental knowledge of adolescents’ online content and contact risks. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10964-016-0599-7

Troseth, G.L., Russo, C.E. y Strouse, G.A. (2016). What’s next for research on young children’s interactive media? Journal of Children and Media, 10(1), 54-62, https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2015.1123166

Trultzsch-Wijnen, C. (2020). Media Literacy. Discussing media socialization, agency and the appropriation of media. Springer

Valkenburg, P.M., Krcmar, M., Peeters, A.L. y Marseille, N.M. (1999). Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation: Instructive mediation, restrictive mediation, and social co-viewing. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 4(1), 52-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364474

Zaman, B., Nouwen, M., Vanattenhoven, J., de Ferrerre, E. y Van Looy, J. (2016). A qualitative inquiry into the contextualized parental mediation practices of young children’s digital media use at home. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 60(1), 11‐22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1127240