Retos del periodismo frente a las redes sociales, las fake news y la desconfianza de la generación Z

Ana Pérez-Escoda; Luis Miguel  Pedrero Esteban

doi:10.4185/RLCS-2021-1519

Authors

Ana Pérez-Escoda Universidad Nebrija https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4895-0043
Luis Miguel Pedrero Esteban Universidad Nebrija https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4949-2360

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2021-1519

Keywords:

social media; journalism; fake news; youth; Z generation; distrust; communication.

Abstract

Introduction: Social networks have become in the current crisis scenario not only the channel most consumed by young people, but also an uncontrolled flow of information that tends to polarize opinions, fuel controversies and sow distrust. The media -and with them journalists- must define new communicative models adapted to these virtual spaces where they can recover their legitimacy and counteract the problematic expansion of disinformation. This paper focuses on the study of trust, consumption and perception of young Spaniards towards the media and fake news, on the premise that knowledge of audiences will help professionals to recover the essence of journalism. Methodology: Based on a descriptive and exploratory quantitative methodology, a questionnaire was applied to a population of 465 young people between 18 and 24 years old. The analysis focuses on two study constructs: 1) use and consumption of media and social networks; and 2) reception, distinction and perception of fake news. Results: The results show an open distrust of Generation Z towards media, networks, politicians and journalists. The great paradox is that, admitting their distrust towards networks, young people declare their massive consumption. Discussion and conclusions: The adequacy between the information that is communicated and reality, as well as the connection with the expectations of those who receive it, stands as a substantial and unpostponable challenge for journalism in the challenge of legitimizing its discourse in social networks.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Ana Pérez-Escoda, Universidad Nebrija

Professor and researcher in the Innovation in Communication and Media group (Nebrija Innomedia) at the Faculty of Communication and Arts of the Antonio de Nebrija University. She is a member of different national and European R&D projects, her lines of research focus on digital literacy, digital skills, and digital communication, with special attention to social networks. She is the author of the book Alfabetización mediática, TIC y competencias digitales (UOC) and co-editor of Cartografía de la Comunicación postdigital. Medios y audiencias en la sociedad de la COVID-19 (Aranzadi), as well as numerous research articles in national and international journals. She has been a Postgraduate coordinator and the coordinator of teaching innovation at UPSA (2017-2020), and associate editor of the journal Comunicar JCR Q1 (2017-2020).

Luis Miguel Pedrero Esteban , Universidad Nebrija

Professor and main researcher of the Innovation in Communication and Media group at the Faculty of Communication and Arts of the Antonio de Nebrija University. He has been a news editor for Cadena SER, a scriptwriter for musical shows at Los 40; collaborator in COPE and Onda Cero; and consultant for Radio Blanca. He is the author of the books La radio musical en España: historia y análisis; La industria audiovisual y publicitaria en Castilla y León (with Ángel Badillo and Marta Fuertes) and La televisión y los niños (with Javier Muñoz). He is co-editor of La transformación digital de la radio (with José Mª García-Lastra) and of Cartografía de la Comunicación postdigital. Medios y audiencias en la sociedad de la COVID-19 (with Ana Pérez Escoda). Editor of the digital weekly ‘Pantallas, Ondas, Frames y Bits’. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Spanish Society of Journalism.

References

Álvarez Ramos, E., Heredia Ponce, H. y Romero Olive, M. (2019). La Generación Z y las Redes Sociales. Una visión desde los adolescentes en España. Revista Espacios, 40(20), 1-13. https://www.revistaespacios.com/a19v40n20/a19v40n20p09.pdf

Aruguete, N. Calvo, E. y Ventura, T. (2020), News Sharing, Gatekeeping, and Polarization: A Study of the #Bolsonaro Election. Digital Journalism, 9(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1852094

Banks, A., Calvo, E., Karol, D. y Telhami, S. (2020). #PolarizedFeeds: Three Experiments on Polarization, Framing, and Social Media. The International Journal of Press/Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220940964

Barrios-Rubio, A. y Pedrero-Esteban, L.M. (2021). The transformation of the Colombian Media industry in the Smartphone Era. Journal of Creative Communications, 16(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258620981347

Boulianne, S. y Theocharis, Y. (2020). Young people, digital media, and engagement: A meta-analysis of research. Social Science Computer Review, 38(2), pp. 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318814190

Casero-Ripollés, A. y García-Gordillo, M. (2020). La influencia del Periodismo en el ecosistema digital. L.M. Pedrero-Esteban y A. Pérez-Escoda, Cartografía de la comunicación postdigital: Medios y audiencias en la Sociedad de la COVID-19. Navarra, España: Aranzadi-Thomson Reuters, pp. 157-176.

Castillo-Abdul, B., Romero-Rodríguez, L.M. y Larrea-Ayala, A. (2020). Kid influencers in Spain: understanding the themes they address and preteens' engagement with their YouTube channels. Heliyon, 6(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05056

Comisión Europea (2018). Comunicación de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo, al Comité Económico y Social Europeo y al Comité de las Regiones, sobre La lucha de la desinformación en línea: un enfoque europeo. COM/2018/236 final.

Couldry, N., Livingstone, S. y Markham, T. (2007). Media consumption and Public engagement. Palgrave McMillan.

Dessart, L. (2017). Social media engagement: a model of antecedents and relational outcomes. Journal of Marketing Management, 33, 375–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2017.1302975

Elías, C. (2018). Fakenews, poder y periodismo en la era de la posverdad y ‘hechos alternativos’. Revista Ámbitos, 40. https://institucionales.us.es/ambitos/fakenews-poder-y-periodismo-en-la-era-de-la-posverdad-y-hechos-alternativos/

Espiritusanto, O. y Gonzalo Rodríguez, P. (2011). Periodismo ciudadano. Evolución positiva de la comunicación. Ariel y Fundación Telefónica.

European Commission (2019). Media Use in the European Union. Report. Fieldwork Autumn 2019. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c2fb9fad-db78-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en

European Commission (2020). Standard Eurobarometer 93. Summer 2020. Report. Public Opinion in the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/91061

Farkas, J. y Schou, J. (2020). Post-truth, fake news and democracy. New York, Routledge.

Galloway, S. (2018). Four. El ADN secreto de Amazon, Apple, Facebook y Google. Madrid: Conecta.

García-Ruiz, R. y Pérez-Escoda, A. (2021). La competencia digital docente como clave para fortalecer el uso responsable de Internet. Campus Virtuales, 10(1), 59-71. http://www.uajournals.com/ojs/index.php/campusvirtuales/article/view/781Com

Gómez Calderón, B., Córdoba-Cabús, A. y Méndez Nieto, A. (2020). Jóvenes y fake news. Un análisis sociodemográfico aplicado al caso andaluz. Revista Científica de Información y Comunicación, 17, 481-501. Disponible en: https://tinyurl.com/3nj4tu38

Gutiérrez-García, M. y Barrios-Rubio, A. (2021). Prácticas juveniles de consumo sonoro, entre grandes plataformas y el ecosistema radiofónico: caso Colombia-España. Comunicación y Sociedad, 18, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2021.7820

Jarvis, J. (2015). El fin de los medios de comunicación de masas: ¿Cómo serán las noticias del futuro? Barcelona: Grupo Planeta.

Jenkins, H. (2008). Convergence Culture. La cultura de la convergencia de los medios de comunicación. Barcelona: Paidós Comunicación.

Keyes, R. (2004). The post-truth era: Dishonesty and deception in contemporary life. New York: St. Martin´s Press. ISBN: 978 0 312306489

Larrondo-Ureta, A., Peña-Fernández, S. y Agirreazkuenaga-Onaindia, I. (2020). Hacia una mayor participación de la audiencia: experiencias transmedia para jóvenes. Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico, 26(4), 1445-1454. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.71375

Loosen, W., Reimer, J. y Hölig, S. (2020). What journalists want and what they ought to do (in)congruences between journalists’ role conceptions and audiences’ expectations. Journalism studies, 21(12), 1744-1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1790026

López Pan, F. y Rodríguez Rodríguez, J. (2020). El Fact Checking en España. Plataformas, prácticas y rasgos distintivos. Estudios Sobre El Mensaje Periodístico, 26(3), 1045-1065. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.65246

Masip, P., Suau J. y Ruiz-Caballero, C. (2020). Perceptions on media and disinformation: Ideology and polarization in the Spanish media system. Profesional de la Información, 29(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.27

Masip, P., Suau, J. y Ruiz-Caballero, C. (2017). Questioning the selective exposure to news: Understanding the impact of social networks on political news consumption. American behavioral scientist, 62(3), 300-319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217708586

Mendiguren, T., Pérez Dasilva, J. y Meso Ayerdi, K. (2020). Actitud ante las Fake News: Estudio del caso de los estudiantes de la Universidad del País Vasco. Revista de Comunicación, 19(1), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC19.1-2020-A10

Negredo, S., Amoedo, A., Vara Miguel, A., Moreno, E. y Kaufmann, J. (2020). Digital News Report.es 2020. https://www.digitalnewsreport.es/2020/gobiernos-politicos-y-redes-sociales-principales-responsables-del-auge-de-los-bulos/

Newman, N. y Fletcher, R. (2017). Bias, Bullshit and Lies: Audience Perspectives on Low Trust in the Media. Reuters Institute and University of Oxford. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173579

Newman, Ni., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A. Andi, S., Nielsen, R. (2020). Digital news report 2020. Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf

Nielsen, R. K. y Graves, L. (2017). News You Don’t Believe: Audience Perspectives on Fake News. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-10/Nielsen%26Graves_factsheet_1710v3_FINAL_download.pdf

Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble. How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think. London: Penguin Books.

Paulussen S., Domingo D., Heinonen A., Singer J., Quandt T. y Vujnovic M. (2008). Citizen participation in online news media. An overview of current developments in four European countries and the United States. In: Quandt T., Schweiger W. (eds) Journalismus online - Partizipation oder Profession? VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91094-9_18

Pérez-Curiel, C. y Velasco Molpeceres, A. M. (2020). Impacto del discurso político en la difusión de bulos sobre Covid-19. Influencia de la desinformación en públicos y medios. Revista Latina, 78, 65–97. https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2020-1469

Pérez-Escoda, A., Pedrero-Esteban, L.M., Rubio-Romero, J. y Jiménez-Narros, C. (2021). Fake News Reaching Young People on Social Networks: Distrust Challenging Media Literacy. Publications 2021, 9(2) 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications9020024

Pérez-Escoda, A., Jiménez-Narros, C., Perlado-Lamo-De-Espinosa, M. y Pedrero-Esteban, L.M. (2020). Social Networks’ Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: Health Media vs. Healthcare Professionals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 5261, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145261

Pérez-Maíllo, A.; Sánchez-Serrano, C.; y Pedrero-Esteban, L.M. (2018). Viaje al Centro de la Radio. Diseño de una experiencia de alfabetización transmedia para promover la cultura radiofónica entre los jóvenes. Comunicación y Sociedad, nº 33, 171-20. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v0i33.7031

Pérez-Tornero, J.M. (2020). La gran mediatización. El tsunami que expropia nuestras vidas. Barcelona: UOC.

Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., Tejedor, S. y Castillo-Abdul, B. (2021). From the Immediacy of the Cybermedia to the Need for Slow Journalism: Experiences from Ibero-America. Journalism Practice, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1870530

Sádaba-Chalezquer, C. y Pérez-Escoda, A. (2020). La generación ‘streaming’ y el nuevo paradigma de la comunicación digital. L.M. Pedrero-Esteban y A. Pérez-Escoda, Cartografía de la comunicación postdigital: Medios y audiencias en la Sociedad de la COVID-19. Navarra: Aranzadi-Thomson Reuters, pp. 97-114.

Tavakol, M., and Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd

Van Dijk, J. (2013). The culture of Connectivity. A critical History of Social Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Vilches, L. (2011). La Investigación en Comunicación. Métodos y Técnicas en la era Digital. Barcelona: GEDISA.

We Are Social (2021). Digital Report 2021. El informe de las tendencias digitales. https://wearesocial.com/es/blog/2021/01/digital-report-2021-el-informe-sobre-las-tendencias-digitales-redes-sociales-y-mobile

Webster, J. G. (2014). The Marketplace of Attention: How Audiences Take Shape in the Digital Age. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

WHO (2020). Managing the COVID-19 Infodemic: Promoting Healthy Behaviours and Mitigating the Harm from Misinformation and Disinformation. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020