Mobilization and political participation on Twitter. Case study of the hashtag #SuperTuesday in the primaries of the presidential elections of the United States 2016

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1186

Keywords:

Primary elections; Super Tuesday; Electoral Campaign 2016; Social networks; Influencers; Twitter

Abstract

The election process of the United States is of interest worldwide; it is an impactful event due to the informative interest and the Super Tuesday is a milestone in the electoral campaign of the White House. Objective: Analyse contents and interaction in Twitter during the Super Tuesday. Methodology: The study included the characteristics of Tweets published, types of contents, themes and interaction in Twitter. The study was carried out by selecting tweets during Super Tuesday event that included the #SuperTuesday hashtag. The methodology used was contents analysis. Discussion and Conclusions: The constant was the preference for highlighting the election day through original contents and in which none of the candidates were remarked. Super Tuesday was the preferred issue making place to candidates, at the end of the day, as preferred theme. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Víctor Manuel Pérez-Martínez, Universidad San Jorge

Professor and researcher in the Faculty of Communication and Social Sciences. Main researcher of the group “Digital Culture: mediations and discourses”. Doctor in Information Sciences by Universidad de La Laguna (ULL, SP). Graduate in Social Communication, Audiovisual specialty, by Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB, VE). Major in Social Communication (UCAB) and Master in Social Communication in the area of Organizational Communication (UCAB). He has studied Master in Political Science in the Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB, VE).

Professor in the subjects: Cyberjournalism, Digital Communication, Ethics and Deontology, Documentation, Design and Development in CIT environments and materials. Currently he is Vice-Dean of research in the Faculty of Communication and Social Sciences of the USJ. He was Vice-Dean of online education; Vice-Dean of alumni (2012-2013). Professor in Postgraduate Studies, Graduate Studies and specialized courses: Universidad de La Laguna, Centro Internacional Politécnico, Instituto Europeo de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt. Founder and director of the Faculty of Communication of the Universidad Santa Rosa (Caracas-Venezuela).

He has worked professionally as correspondent of Radio Vaticano, assistant to the department of Projects and Communication of the Civil Association “Fe y Alegría”, director of the Department of Social Communication and executive secretary of the Episcopalian Commission of Social Communication of the Venezuelan Episcopalian Conference.  General Director of Inversiones COMSIS, C.A. He has collaborated in the following Radio stations: Radio Nacional de Venezuela, Radio Fe y Alegría, Radio 6 Tenerife. In this research activity, we must highlight the publication of articles in specialized academic journals and some of his publications such as Actividades docentes en Moodle 2.0. (2012), El ciberespacio: la nueva ágora (2009), ¿Cuándo aprenderemos a ser hermanos? (2004) awarded with the Trípode award. He was main researcher of the research group Cyberspace Working Group-GIEC (acknowledged as emergent by the Government of Aragon) and collaborator with the “Laboratory of information technologies and new analysis of social communication” (Latina)

Articles published in Revista Latina de Comunicación Social

Multimedialidad e interactividad en la cobertura informativa de las  elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos de 2008 en los  cibermedios españoles

Algunos aspectos deontológicos en la cobertura de informaciones científicas Estudio de caso: “Crisis volcánica” del Teide

María Dolores Rodríguez González, UNEXPO

Systems Engineer, Universidad Experimental Politécnico Antonio José de Sucre (Caracas, Venezuela). Specialist in e-learning training. She has been professor in subjects such as Introduction to Computing I, Introduction to Computing II, Application of Computing to Education (Universidad Santa Rosa, Venezuela). Teaching experience in occupational and continuous training. Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS) Master (Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook). Pedagogic Coordinator in e-learning (Formatel)

María Tobajas Gracia, San Jorge University

Coordinator of the module "Corporate and institutional communication in the digital society".

Doctorate in Communication from the San Jorge University.

Master in Digital Marketing & Social Media (2014) taught at the Madrid Distance University (UDIMA). In the area of ​​research, he has addressed topics such as "the discourse in cybermedia about cultural information: diagnosis and perspectives" or the "mobilization and participation on Twitter in the 2016 US presidential primaries". Direction and writing of the medium www.actuaragon.es, reports and news in Aragón Digital and El Periódico de Aragón.

References

Ahmed, S., Jaidka, K., y Cho, J. (2016): “The 2014 Indian elections on Twitter: A comparison of campaign strategies of political parties”. Telematics y Informatics, 33(4), 1071-1087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.03.002

Anguiano, C. (2016): “Hostility and Hispandering in 2016: The Demographic and Discursive Power of Latinx Voters”. Women's Studies in Communication, 39(4), 366-369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2016.1228385

Bakshy, E., Hofman, J. M., Mason, W. A. y Watts, D. J. (2011): “Everyone’s an Influencer: Quantifying Influence on Twitter”. WSDM’11. Fourth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining , (pp. 65-74). Hong Kong, China. Recuperado de: http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs224w-readings/bakshy11influencers.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1935826.1935845

Becker, R., Amundson, N., Anderson, D., Wenzel, K., Yakubova, M., Sajaia, N. y Frannea, R. (2009): “Political Participation, Efficacy and the 2008 Minnesota Presidential Caucuses”. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 10(1), 38-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430902783785

Bimber, B. A. (2003): "Campaigning Online : The Internet in U.S. Elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Blanco, M. y Sueiro, R. (2014): Cómo conseguir 10.000 seguidores en Twitter. Madrid: ESIC.

Bosch, T. (2017): “Twitter activism and youth in South Africa: the case of #RhodesMustFall”. Information, Communication y Society, 20(2), 221-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1162829

Bugh, G. (2010): Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities. Farnham, Surrey, England: Routledge.

Bruns, A. y Burgess, J. (2012): ‘‘Researching news discussion on Twitter. New methodologies’’, Journalism Studies, 13(5-6), 801–814. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664428

Burgess, J. y Bruns, A. (2012): ‘‘(Not) the Twitter election: The dynamics of the # ausvotes conversation in relation to the Australian media ecology’’, Journalism Practice, 6(3), 1–40. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2012.663610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.663610

Caleffi, P. M. (2015): ‘‘The ‘Hashtag’: A New Word or a New Rule?’’ Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 13(2), 46–69.

Carew, J. (2014): “Online Environmental Activism in South Africa: A Case Study of the #IAM4RHINOS Twitter Campaign”. Global Media Journal, 8(2), 207-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5789/8-2-169

Cozma, R. and ju Chen, K. (2013): ‘‘What’s in a Tweet? Foreign Correspondents’ Use of Social Media’’ Journalism Practice, 7(1), 33–46.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2012.683340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.683340

Denton, R. E. (2002): The 2000 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Fortier, J. C. (Septiembre de 2008): “Amplias preferencias y relevancia nacional”. eJournal USA, 13(9), 7-10. Recuperado de: http://www.america.gov/media/pdf/ejs/0908ejsp.pdf

González, C. (2010): “Mobilizing Information in Univision Online's Election 2008 Forum”. International Communication Association. Communication y Mass Media Complete.

Graham, T., Jackson, D. y Broersma, M. (2016): “New platform, old habits? Candidates’ use of Twitter during the 2010 British and Dutch general election campaigns”. New Media y Society, 18(5), 765-783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814546728

Gunn, E. (2017): “Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election”. European Journal of Communication, 32(1), 50-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802

Guo, L. y Vargo, C. (2015): “The Power of Message Networks: A Big-Data Analysis of the Network Agenda Setting Model and Issue Ownership”. Mass Communication and Society (18), 557–576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1045300

Gurian, P. (1993): “The distribution of news coverage in presidential primaries”. Journalism Quarterly, 70(2), 336-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909307000209

Gutsche, T., Kapteyn, A., Meijer, E. y Weerman, B. (2014): “The RAND Continuous 2012 Presidential Election Poll”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78 (Special Issue), 233-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfu009

Harmon, M. D. (2004): “Casting the 2000 U.S. Presidential Primaries”. Atlantic Journal Of Communication, 12(2), 93-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15456889ajc1202_3

Hogan, J. M. (2016): “George Wallace, speech at serb hall (26 March 1976)”. Voices Of Democracy, (11), 66-105.

Hunter, K. M., Lewis, J. y Overton, J. E. (2013): “My Eyes Adored You: A Content Analysis of Newsmagazine Cover Images in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election Campaign”. Ohio Communication Journal, 51, 277-301.

Igartua Perosanz, J. J. (2006): Métodos cuantitativos de investigación en comunicación. Barcelona: Editorial Bosch.

Jungherr, A. y Schoen, H. (2016): “The Mediation of Politics through Twitter: An Analysis of Messages posted during the Campaign for the German Federal Election 2013”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, (21), 50–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12143

Kelly Garrett, R. (2011): “Troubling Consequences of Online Political Rumoring”. Human Communication Research (37), 255–274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01401.x

Kennamer, J. D. (1995): “Las campañas electorales en los Estados Unidos, la prensa y las encuestas”. Estudios, (5), 75-84.

Klar, S. (2014): “A Multidimensional Study of Ideological Preferences and Priorities among the American Public”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78 (Special Issue), 344-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfu010

Larsson, A. O. y Ihlen, Ø. (2015): “Birds of a feather flock together? Party leaders on Twitter during the 2013 Norwegian elections”. European Journal of Communication, 30(6), 666-681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115595525

Lee, J. y Lim, Y. S. (2016): “Gendered campaign tweets: The cases of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump”. Public Relations Review, 42(5), 849-855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.07.004

Lemke, J. y Chala, E. (2016): “Tweeting democracy: An ethnographic content analysis of social media use in the differing politics of Senegal and Ethiopia’s newspapers”. Journal of African Media Studies, 8(2), 167–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.8.2.167_1

López-García, G. (2016): “'New' vs 'old' leaderships: the campaign of Spanish general elections 2015 on Twitter”. Communication y Society, 29(3), 149-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.29.3.149-168

López-Hermida, A. y Fernanda Vallejo, M. (2016): “Estereotipo femenino en 140 caracteres. Aproximación a la campaña de Hillary Clinton en Twitter”. Revista de comunicación, (15), 48-69.

Macnamara, J. y Kenning, G. (2014): “E-electioneering 2007-13: trends in online political campaigns over three elections”. Media International Australia, (152), 57-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1415200107

Martínez-Rolán, X. y Piñeiro-Otero, T. (2016): “The use of memes in the discourse of political parties on Twitter: analysing the 2015 state of the nation debate”. Communication y Society, 29(1), 145-159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.29.1.145-159

Marcos-García, S. (2017): “El empleo de Twitter como herramienta estratégica de comunicación. Análisis del caso Podemos”. Communico, (3), 1-27.

McAlister, J. F. (2016): “Making Feminist, Queer, Latinx, and #BlackVotesMatter”. Women's Studies In Communication, 39(4), 353-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2016.1230988

McKinnon, M., Semmens, D., Moon, B., Amarasekara, I. y Bolliet, L. (2016): “Science, Twitter and election campaigns: tracking #auspol in the Australian federal elections”. JCOM: Journal of Science Communication, 15(6), 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/2.15060204

Meso Ayerd, K., Larrondo Ureta, A., Rivero Santamarina, D. y Agirreazkuenaga Onaindia, I. (2016): “Uso e impacto de Twitter en la comunicación política. El caso vasco”. En Rodríguez Rodríguez, J. M. Retroperiodismo, o el retorno a los principios de la profesión periodística (pp. 161-177). Madrid: Sociedad Española de Periodística.

Murthy, D. (2015): “Twitter and elections: are tweets, predictive, reactive, or a form of buzz?” Information, Communication y Society, 18(7), 816-831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1006659

Narbona, J. (2016): “Digital leadership, Twitter and Pope Francis”. Church, Communication and Culture(1), 90-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181307

Ott, B. L. (2017): “The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement”. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(1), 59-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686

Papacharissi, Z. y M. de Fatima Oliveira. (2012): ‘‘Affective News and Networked Publics: The Rhythms of News Storytelling on #Egypt’’, Journal of Communication 62(2), 266–282. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x

Penney, J. (2016): “Motivations for participating in ‘viral politics’. A qualitative case study of Twitter users and the 2012 US presidential election”. Convergence: The Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 22(1), 71-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856514532074

Peña-Jiménez, P. (2011): “El spot electoral negativo”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (66), 399-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-66-2011-939-399-425

Pérez González, J. (2015): “El uso de Twitter como herramienta de comunicación política durante la campaña para las elecciones europeas de 2014: estudio de caso del @PPopular”. Communico, (1), 38-58.

Pérez-Martínez, V. M. (2009): “Multimedialidad e interactividad en la cobertura informativa de las elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos de 2008 en los cibermedios españoles”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (64), 161-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/10.4185/RLCS-64-2009-814-161-175

Powell, K. (2016): “‘The Year of the Ballot or the Bullet’: A Discussion of Race, Revolution, and the 2016 Election”. Women's Studies in Communication, 39(4), 370-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2016.1227187

Prior, M. (2012): “Who watches presidential debates? Measurement problems in campaign efects research”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(2), 350-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs019

Puyosa, I. (2016): “¿Contrahegemonía? Comportamiento de medios digitales y Twitter durante el proceso de las elecciones parlamentarias de diciembre 2015”. Comunicación, (173), 100-111.

Quevedo Redondo, R., Portalés-Oliva, M. y Berrocal Gonzalo, S. (2016): “The image use on Twitter during the 2015 municipal election campaign in Spain”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (71), 85-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2016-1085en

Rodríguez Pestano, J. M. (2003): “Elecciones en tiempos de guerra: la otra cara de la espiral del silencio”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (56). Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=81965608

Ruiz del Olmo, F. J. y Bustos Díaz, J. (2016): “From tweet to photography, the evolution of political communication on Twitter to the image. The case of the debate on the State of the nation in Spain (2015)”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (71), 108-123. Recuperado de: http://www.revistalatinacs.org/071/paper/1086/06en.html DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2016-1086en

Ruiz, A. C. (2012): “Debates electorales en televisónnuevos contenidos para nuevos formatos”. III Congrés Internacional Associació Espanyola d'Investigació de la Comunicació. Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili.

Ruthizer, T., Koestler, M., Dunn, M. y Barlekamp, J. (2017): “The Potential Impact of the U.S. Presidential Election on Business Immigration”. Employee Relations Law Journal Spring, 42(4).

Sabato, L. J. (2002): Overtime: The Election of 2000 Thriller (Vol. 3). New York: Longman.

Serfaty, V. (2012): “E-The Peoplea Comparative Perspective on the Use of Social Networksin U.S. and French Electoral Campaigns”. Comunicação Midiática, 7(3), 195-214.

Smidt, C. D. (2014): “Dynamics in Partisanship during American Presidential Campaigns”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(Special Issue), 303–329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfu014

Tewksbury, D. (2006): “Exposure to the Newer Media in a Presidential Primary Campaign”. Political Communication, 23(3), 313-332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600600808877

Theocharis, Y., Barberá, P., Fazekas, Z., Popa, S. A. y Parnet, O. (2016): “A Bad Workman Blames His Tweets: The Consequences of Citizens' Uncivil Twitter Use When Interacting With Party Candidates”. Journal of Communication, 66(6), 1007-1031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12259

Valdez Zepeda, A., y Huerta Franco, D. A. (2009): “Estrategias de comunicación en campañas electoralesel caso de la contienda presidencial de Estados Unidos 2008”. Contratexto, (17), 21-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto2009.n017.792

Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., McCombs, M. y Shaw, D. L. (2014): “Network Issue Agendas on Twitter During the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election”. Journal of Communication, (64), 296-314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12089

Weeks, B. y Southwell, B. (2010): “The Symbiosis of News Coverage and Aggregate Online Search Behavior: Obama, Rumors, and Presidential Politics”. Mass Communication and Society, (13), 341–360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430903470532

Wells, C., Shah, D. V., Pevehouse, J. C., Yang, J., Pelled, A., Boehm, F. y Schmidt, J. L. (2016): “How Trump Drove Coverage to the Nomination: Hybrid Media Campaigning”. Political Communication, 33(4), 669-676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1224416

Wilz, K. (2016): “Bernie Bros and Woman Cards: Rhetorics of Sexism, Misogyny, and Constructed Masculinity in the 2016 Election”. Women's Studies in Communication, 39(4), 357-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2016.1227178

Winneg, K. M. (2011): “Testing the Mobilization and Reinforcement Hypothesis and Predictors of Voting in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election”. Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (pp. 1-34). Boston: Communication y Mass Media Complete.

Published

2017-06-22

How to Cite

Pérez-Martínez, V. M., Rodríguez González, M. D., & Tobajas Gracia, M. (2017). Mobilization and political participation on Twitter. Case study of the hashtag #SuperTuesday in the primaries of the presidential elections of the United States 2016. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (72), 679–703. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1186

Issue

Section

Miscellaneous