Conversaciones políticas en Facebook. Explorando el papel de la homofilia en la argumentación y la interacción comunicativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1245Palabras clave:
Facebook, Conversaciones políticas online, Homofilia, Argumentación, Reciprocidad, Esfera pública digitalResumen
La investigación sobre la conversación política online ha estado muy influenciada por la teoría deliberativa, como resultado del optimismo depositado originalmente en Internet para revolucionar la política. Sin embargo, dos décadas de investigación empírica señalan que estas interacciones comunicativas informales difícilmente se parecen a los ideales deliberativos. En este estudio exploramos si internautas de Facebook que comparten posturas ideológicas presentan una mayor probabilidad de a) justificar sus puntos de vista y b) interactuar entre ellos. Aplicamos el análisis de contenido a una muestra de 2.800 comentarios publicados en los muros de los cuatro principales partidos españoles durante las Elecciones Generales de 2015. Los resultados muestran que la homofilia se relaciona negativamente con la argumentación y la interacción comunicativa. Es el electorado de otras organizaciones quien con más probabilidad razona sus opiniones, mientras que aquellos con puntos de vista neutros son más proclives a la interacción.
Descargas
Citas
AIMC. Asociación para la investigación de medios de comunicación. (2016): 18º Navegantes en la Red. Encuesta AIMC a usuarios de Internet. Disponible en: http://download.aimc.es/aimc/ROY76b/macro2015.pdf [Accessed 5 Feb. 2017].
Balcells, J. & Padró-Solanet, A. (2015): Tweeting on Catalonia’s independence: The dynamics of political discussion and group polarization. Paper presented at the IPSA Regional Conference on Communication, Democracy and Digital Technology, Rovinj (Croatia), 2-3 October 2015.
Birchall, C. & Coleman, S. (2015): Creating spaces for online deliberation. In: Coleman, S. & Freelon, D. (eds) Handbook of Digital Politics. Cheltenham, (pp. 264-280) UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782548768.00025
Boulianne, S. (2015): Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information Communication & Society, 18(5), 524–538. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
Camaj, L., Hong, S. C., Lanosga, G. & Luo, Y. (2009): Political discourse on Facebook: A new public sphere? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, August 2009, Boston (USA).
Camaj, L. & Santana, A. D. (2015): Political deliberation on Facebook: The role of moderator’s technical role and political ideology for online deliberation. Journal of Information, Technology & Politics.
Cardenal, A. S. (2013): Why mobilize support online? The paradox of party behaviour online. Party Politics, 19(1), pp. 83-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068810395059
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (2015): Estudio panel CIS nº 7715: Preelectoral y Postelectoral Elecciones Generales 2015. Disponible en: http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Marginales/Globales/7715/Ft7715.pdf [Accessed 5 Feb. 2017].
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (2016): Estudio CIS nº 3126: Postelectoral Elecciones Generales 2015. Disponible en: http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/3120_3139/3126/Ft3126.pdf [Accessed 5 Feb. 2017].
Coleman, S. & Blumler, J. G. (2009): The Internet and Democratic Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818271
Dader, J. L. (1999): La retórica mediática frente a la cultura política autóctona: la encrucijada de la comunicación política electoral española entre la americanización y el pluralismo democrático tradicional. Cuadernos de Información y Comunicación, 4, pp. 63-87.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. & Lampe, C. (2010): Connection Strategies: Social Capital Implications of Facebook-enabled Communication Practices. New Media & Society, 13(6), 873–892. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444810385389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810385389
Elster, I. (ed.) (2001): La democracia deliberative. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Fernandes, J., Giurcanu, M., Bowers, K. W. & Neely, J. C. (2010): “The writing on the wall: A content analysis of college students' Facebook groups for the 2008 presidential election”. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), pp. 653-675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.516865
Freelon, D. G. (2010): “Analyzing online political discussion using three models of democratic communication”. New Media & Society, 12(7), pp. 1172-1190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809357927
Freelon, D. G. (2013): “Discourse, architecture, ideology, and democratic norms in online political discussion”. New Media & Society, 20(10), pp. 1-20.
Friess, D. & Eilders, C. (2015): “A Systematic Review of Online Deliberation Research”. Policy & Internet, 7(3), pp. 319-339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.95
Fuchs, C. (2013): “Twitter and Democracy: A New Public Sphere?” En Social Media: A critical Introduction, pp. 179–209, Los Angeles: SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270066.n8
Gibson, R. K., Lusoli, W. & Ward, S. (2008): “Nationalizing and normalizing the local? A comparative analysis of online candidate campaigning in Australia and Britain”. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 4(4), pp. 15-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331680801979070
Graham, T. (2009): What's Wife Swap got to do with it?: Talking Politics in the net-based public sphere. Amsterdam: Amsterdam School of Communications Research.
Graham, T. (2015): “Everyday political talk in the internet-based sphere”. En: Coleman, S. & Freelon, D. (eds) Handbook of Digital Politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 247-263.
Graham, T. & Wright, S. (2015): “A tale of two stories from ‘below the line’: comment fields at The Guardian”. International Journal of Press/Politics 20(3), pp. 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161215581926
Graham, T., Jackson, D. & Wright, S. (2015): “From everyday conversation to political action: Talking austerity in online ‘third spaces’”. European Journal of Communication 30(6), pp. 648–665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115595529
Jensen, J. L. (2003): “Public Spheres on the Internet: Anarchic or Government-sponsored- a comparison”. Scandinavian Political Studies, 26(4), pp. 349-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2003.00093.x
Kaye, B. K., Jonson, T. J. & Muhlberger, P. (2012): “Blogs as a source of democratic deliberation”. En: Dumova, T. & Fiordo, R. (eds) Blogging in the global society: Cultural, political and geographical aspects. (pp. 1-18), Hershey: Information Science Reference. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-744-9.ch001
Kreiss, D. (2012): Taking Our Country Back: The Crafting of Networked Politics from Howard Dean to Barack Obama. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782536.001.0001
Kreiss, D. (2014): The virtues of participation without power: Campaigns, Party Networks, and the Ends of Politics. The sociological quarterly. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tsq.12068
Kruikemeier, S., Van Noort, G., Vliegenthart, R. & De Vreese, C. H. (2014): “Unraveling the effects of active and passive forms of political Internet use: Does it affect citizens’ political involvement?” Media & Society, 0(0), 1–18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444813495163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813495163
Kuran, T. (1995): Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Larsson, A. O. & Kalsnes, B. (2014): “Of course we are on Facebook: Use and non-use of social media among Swedish and Norwegian politicians”. European Journal of Communication Published Online, 1–16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323114531383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114531383
Lilleker, D. & Jackson, N. (2010): “Towards a more participatory style of election campaigning? The impact of Web 2.0 on the UK 2010 General Election”. Policy & Internet, 2(3), 69–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1064
Lisi, M. (2013): “The professionalization of campaigns in recent democracies: The Portuguese case”. European Journal of Communication, 28(3), 259-276. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323113475463 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113475463
Martí, J. L. (2006): La república deliberativa: una teoría de la democracia. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
Muñiz, C., Dader, J. L., Téllez, N. M. & Salazar, A. (2016): “¿Están los políticos políticamente comprometidos? Análisis del compromiso político 2.0 desarrollado por los candidatos a través de Facebook”. Cuadernos.info, 39, pp. 135-150. https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/cinfo/n39/art09.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.39.970
Nielsen, R. K. & Vaccari, C. (2013): “Do People “Like” Politicians on Facebook? Not Really. Large-Scale Direct Candidate-to-Voter Online Communication as an Outlier Phenomenon”. International Journal of Communication, 7, pp. 2333–2356.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1995): La espiral del silencio: opinión pública, nuestra piel social. Barcelona: Paidós.
Prior, M. (2005): “News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), pp. 577-592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x
Robertson, S. P., Vatrapub, R. K. & Medina, R. (2010): “Off the wall political discourse: Facebook use in the 2008 U.S. presidential elections”. Information Polity, 15, 11-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.3233/IP-2010-0196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-2010-0196
Ruiz, C., Masip, P., Micó, J. L., Díaz-Noci, J. & Domingo, D. (2010): “Conversation 2.0. and democracy. An analysis of reader’s comments in Catalan online newspapers”. Communication & Society, 23(2), pp. 7-39.
Shah, D. V. (2016): “Conversation is the soul of democracy: expression effects, communication mediation, and digital media”. Communication and the Public, 1(1), 12-18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057047316628310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047316628310
Sørensen, M. P. (2016): “Political conversations on Facebook: the participation of politicians and citizens”. Media, Culture & Society, 38(5), pp. 664-685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443715620924
Stromer-Galley, J. & Wichowski, A. (2011): “Political discussion online”. En: Consalvo, M. & Ess, C. (eds) The Handbook of Internet Studies. (pp. 168-187). United Kingdom: Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444314861.ch8
Sudulich, M. (2013): Do ethos, ideology, country and electoral strength make a difference in cyberspace? En: Nixon, P., Rawal, R. & Tercea, D. (eds) (pp. 75-94). Politics and the Internet in Comparative Context: Views from the Cloud. Routledge.
Sunstein, C. R. (2003): República.com: Internet, democracia y libertad. Barcelona: Paidós.
Sweetser, K. D. & Lariscy, R. W. (2008): “Candidates make good friends: An analysis of candidates’ use of Facebook”. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 2(3), 175-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15531180802178687
Vaccari, C., Chadwick, A. & Loughlin, B. O’. (2015): “Dual screening the political: media events, social media, and citizen engagement”. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 1041-1061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12187
Valera-Ordaz, L. (2012): “Deliberation or Radicalization of Partisan Discourse? An analysis of political discussions conducted on the Facebook pages of Spanish political candidates.” Text & Visual Media, 5, pp. 139-168.
Valera-Ordaz, L. (2014): “El debate público en la blogosfera política española durante la campaña electoral de 2011: ¿Hacia un espacio público enriquecido o fragmentado?” Revista Trípodos, 34, pp. 153-170.
Valera-Ordaz, L. (2017): “Comparing the democratic value of Facebook discussions across the profiles of Spanish political candidates during 2011 General Election.” Revista Internacional de Sociología, 1-75. https://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ris.2017.75.1.15.119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2017.75.1.15.119
Valera Ordaz, L. y López García, G. (2014): “Agenda y marcos en las webs de PP y PSOE en la cibercampaña de 2011”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 69, 41-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2014-1000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2014-1000
Vesnic-Alujevic, L. (2016): European Elections and Facebook: Political Advertising and Deliberation? En: Dezelan, T. & Vobic, I. (ed) (pp. 191-209). (R)evolutionizing Political Communication through Social Media. IGI Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9879-6.ch010
Warren, A. M., Sulaiman, A. & Jaafar, N. I. (2014): “Understanding civic engagement behaviour on Facebook from a social capital theory perspective”. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(2), 163–175. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.934290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.934290
Wilhelm, A. G. (1998): “Virtual sounding boards: How deliberative is online political discussion?”. Information, Communication & Society 1(3), pp. 313-338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691189809358972
Wright, S. (2011): “Politics as usual? Revolution, normalization and a new agenda for online deliberation”. New Media & Society, 142, pp. 244-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811410679
Yung, B., Leung, L. Y., Territories, N. & Kong, H. (2014): “Facebook as change? Political engagement in semi-democratic Hong Kong in its transition to universal suffrage”. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2014.922147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2014.922147