Centennials on TikTok: type of video. Analysis and comparative Spain- Great Britain by gender, age, and nationality
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2021-1503Keywords:
TikTok; social networks; centennials; teenagers; gender; age; consumeAbstract
Introduction: TikTok is a digital native social network has managed to generate interest among teenagers through which they share their audiovisual productions from mobile devices, but what type of content do teenagers create and disseminate on this application? We address this issue with the aim of finding out the type of videos that Spanish and British teenage tiktokers are uploading to this social network. Methodology: Using content analysis methodology, 447 videos from 12 British and 12 Spanish tiktokers aged between 11 and 17 with more than half a million followers are studied. It provides an analysis by nationality and a comparative view of both nationalities. Results: Contents created and disseminated by both genders and nationalities are videoselfies, choreographies and videos with a fun purpose. Results show 16 and 17-year-old are the most active on this social network. Spanish and British teenagers create and disseminate videos with similar content. They show is age, not gender, determining variable for their digital production. It is observed boys abandon videogames to give way to a more protagonist self-representation in this social network. Discussion and conclusions: There is a lack of plurality in the type of content created and disseminated on TikTok by both genders and nationalities. It is interesting to note the attenuation of the traditional gender roles adolescents show in their audio-visual productions on TikTok, which reflect the possible gender-related development into their behavior on social networks.
Downloads
References
Aguaded, J. I., & Sánchez Carrero, J. (2013). El empoderamiento digital de niños y jóvenes a través de la producción audiovisual. AdComunica, 5. 175-196. https://doi.org/10.6035/109
Ahlse, J., Nilsson, F., & Sandström, N. (2020). It’s time to TikTok: Exploring Generation Z’s motivations to participate in #Challenges. Bachelor Thesis. Jönköping University. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1434091/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Anderson, K. E. (2020). Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: it is time to talk about TikTok. Library Hi Tech News.
Anggreni, L. S., Redfada, G. D., Yuliarti, M. S., & Anis, M. Y. (2019). Teenagers and Instagram: The Impact of Becoming Instagram High Users among High School Students in Surakarta. JURNAL ILMU KOMUNIKASI, 2(2), 23-33.
Angulo, M. (2019). Cambios y continuidades en la transformación digital de los medios de comunicación peruanos. Análisis de las tesis peruanas sobre periodismo digital. Emprende y Transforma, 1 (1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.33829/emprendeytrans- forma-0101-2019-11-20
Baños-González, M., Canorea Tiralaso, H. & Rajas Fernández, M. (2020). La difusión del vídeo musical en YouTube. Análisis de la capacidad viral del vídeoclip. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (77), 117-141. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1452
Blanco-Ruiz, M., & Sainz-de-Baranda, C. (2018). Channels produced by LGBT+ Youtubers: gender discourse analysis. Observatorio (OBS*), 12(SPE1), 97-121. https://bit.ly/2GnNUzz
Bleakley, A., Ellithorpe, M., & Romer, D. (2016). The role of parents in problematic internet use among US Adolescents. Media and Communication, 4 (3), 24-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i3.523
Booker, C. L., Kelly, Y. J., & Sacker, A. (2018). Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5220-4
Bossen, C. B., & Kottasz, R. (2020). Uses and gratifications sought by pre-adolescent and adolescent TikTok consumers. Young Consumers. 21(4), 1747-3616. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-07-2020-1186
Botou, A., & Marsellos, P. S. (2018). Teens’ Perception about Social Networking Sites: Does Facebook Influence Teens’ Self-Esteem? Psychology, 9(06), 1453. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.96089
Bresnick, E. (2019). Intensified Play: Cinematic study of TikTok mobile app. www.researchgate.net/publication/335570557_Intensified_Play_Cinematic_study_of_TikTok_mobile_app
Bruna, Y. (2020). Snapchat in teenage years. Reseaux, (4), 139-164. https://doi.org/10.3917/res.222.0139
Catalina-García, B., Sousa, J. P., & Sousa, L. C. (2019). Consumo de noticias y percepción de fake news entre estudiantes de Comunicación de Brasil, España y Portugal. Observatorio (OBS*) Revista de comunicación, 18(2), 52-69. http://dx.doi.org/1646-5954/ERC123483/2019
Costa, C. (2013). Narrativas transmedia nativas: ventajas, elementos de la planificación de un proyecto audiovisual transmedia y estudio de caso. Historia y Comunicación Social, 18, 561-574. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_HICS.2013.v18.44349
Djafarova, E. & Rushworth, C. (2017). Exploring the credibility of online celebrities' Instagram profiles in influencing the purchase decisions of young female users. Computers in Human Behaviour, 68, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.009
Djafarova, E., & Trofimenko, O. (2019). ‘Instafamous’–credibility and self-presentation of micro-celebrities on social media. Information, communication y society, 22(10), 1432-1446. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1438491
Edelmann, N. (2017). Lurking in online participation and e-participation. In 2017 Fourth International Conference on eDemocracy y eGovernment (ICEDEG). 282-284. IEEE. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICEDEG.2017.7962552
Fernández de Arroyabe, M. A., Lazkano-Arrillaga, I., & Eguskiza-Sesumaga, L. (2018). Nativos digitales: Consumo, creación y difusión de contenidos audiovisuales online. Comunicar, 57, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.3916/C57-2018-06
Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF, 2020). Adolescencia y juventud. https://www.unicef.org/spanish/adolescence/index_bigpicture.html
García Jiménez, A., y Montes Vozmediano, M. (2020). Subject matter of videos for teens on YouTube. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590850
García-Jiménez, A., López-de-Ayala López, M., y Montes-Vozmediano, M. (2020). Características y percepciones sobre el uso de las plataformas de redes sociales y dispositivos tecnológicos por parte de los adolescentes. Zer, 25(48), 269-286. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.21556.
Gazit, T., Bronstein, J., Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Aharony, N., Bar-Ilan, J. & Pérez, O. (2018). Active participants and lurkers in online discussion groups: an exploratory analysis of focus group interviews and observation. Information Research, 23(2), paper 791. http://InformationR.net/ir/23-2/paper791.html
Goffman, E. (2009). La presentación de la persona en la vida cotidiana. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu.
Gómez, O. (2018). Análisis de la narrativa audiovisual de los Youtubers y su impacto en los jóvenes colombianos (Doctoral dissertation, Tesis de doctorado). Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España.
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 14(1-2), 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0411
Haddon, L., & Vincent, J. (2015). UK children’s experience of smartphones and tablets: Perspectives from children, parents and teachers. London: LSE. http://netchildrengomobile.eu/reports/
Holtzman, S. (1997). Digital Mosaics: The Aesthetics of Cyberspace. New York: Touchstone.
Hubermann, S. (2020). Images on Social Media, Their Producers and Viewers. KULT_online, (62).
Jauregui Caballero, A. & Ortega Ponce, C. (2020). Narrativas transmediáticas en la apropiación social del conocimiento. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (77), 357-372. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1462
Kaur, L., & Kaur, J. (2017). Gender difference in video game habits among adolescents. International Journal of Education and Management Studies, 7(4), 512-514. http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list
Khattab, M., (2019). Synching and performing: body (re)- presentation in the short video app TikTok. WiderScreen 21(1–2). https://bit.ly/36hiPYA
Klug, D. (2020). "It took me almost 30 minutes to practice this". Performance and Production Practices in Dance Challenge Videos on TikTok. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2008/2008.13040.pdf
Korlat, S., Forst, N., Schultes, M., Schober, M. T., Spiel, B., & Kollmayer, M. (2021). Gender role identity and gender intensification: Agency and communion in adolescents’ spontaneous self-descriptions. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2020.1865143
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications.
Lange, B. P., & Schwab, F. (2018). Game on: Sex differences in the production and consumption of video games. Evolutionary psychology and digital games: Digital hunter-gatherers. New York, NY: Routledge.
Leight, E. (2019). If you can get famous easily, you’re gonna do it”: how TikTok took over music. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/features/tiktok-video-app-growth-867587/
Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, social media, y technology overview 2015. Pew Research Center, Internet and Technology. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/
Linares-Bahillo, E.; Aristegui-Fradua, I. & Beloki-Marañón, U. (2019). YouTube, una plataforma para la (in)formación, relación, comunicación, diversión, y gestión de identidades (de género) en la natividad digital. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 10(1), 55-70. https://www.doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM2019.10.1.18
López de Ayala López, M. C., & Paniagua Santamaría, P. (2019). Motivaciones de los jóvenes para la creación y difusión de contenido en sitios de redes sociales. Estudios Sobre El Mensaje Periodístico, 25(2), 915-933. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.64816
López, J. (2020). ¿Qué pasó con la red social Vine? Aquí te lo contamos todo. Digitaltrends. https://es.digitaltrends.com/sociales/que-paso-con-la-red-social-vine/
Luque, S. G., Tejedor, S., & Bugs, R. C. (2017). Motivaciones de uso de las redes sociales de los estudiantes de periodismo de América Latina y España. Informação y Sociedade, 27(3). 191-203. https://brapci.inf.br/_repositorio/2018/01/pdf_51422c9d21_0000029217.pdf
Maloney, M., Roberts, S., & Caruso, A. (2018). ‘Mmm… I love it, bro!’: Performances of masculinity in YouTube gaming. New Media y Society, 20(5), 1697-1714. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817703368
Marcelino, G. V. (2015). Migración de los jóvenes españoles en redes sociales, de Tuenti a Facebook y de Facebook a Instagram. La segunda migración. Icono14, 13(2), 48-72. http://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v13i2.821
Martín. A. (2020). Facebook echa el cierre a Lasso, su copia de TikTok. Hipertextual. https://hipertextual.com/2020/07/facebook-lasso-cierre
Masip, P., Guallar, J., Suau, J., Ruiz-Caballero, C., & Peralta, M. (2015). News and social networks: audience behavior. El profesional de la información, 24, (4), 363-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.jul.02
McGorry, S. Y., & McGorry, M. R. (2017). Who are the Centennials: Marketing Implications of Social Media Use and Preferences. https://bit.ly/3dZDlkW
McMillan, W. J. (2009). Finding a method to analyze qualitative data: using a study of conceptual learning. Journal of dental education, 73(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2009.73.1.tb04639.x
McRoberts, S., Ma, H., Hall, A., & Yarosh, S. (2017). Share first, save later: Performance of self through Snapchat stories. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 6902-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025771
Montes-Vozmediano, M., García-Jiménez, A., & Menor-Sendra, J. (2018). Los vídeos de los adolescentes en YouTube: Características y vulnerabilidades digitales. Comunicar, 26(54), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.3916/C54-2018-06
Patel, K. & Binjola, H. (2020). Tik Tok los nuevos medios alternativos para jóvenes para compartir talento en línea: un estudio analítico. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3600119
Pedraza Moreno, K. & Villarraga Castañeda, S. E. (2019). Los YouTubers: espejos influyentes en el proyecto de vida adolescente. Imaginario Social, 2(2), 12-27. http://www.revista-imaginariosocial.com/index.php/es/article/view/13/23
Pérez-Rufí, J. P. (2018). Producción y edición del vídeo de bajo presupuesto: estudio de caso de "Lost Ones" (Joan Thiele) de Giada Bossi. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 9(2), 291-303. https://www.doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM2018.9.2.4
Qasem, Z. (2021). The effect of positive TRI traits on centennials adoption of try-on technology in the context of E-fashion retailing. International Journal of Information Management, 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102254
Qustodio (2020). Apps y nativos digitales: la nueva normalidad. https://www.observatoriodelainfancia.es/oia/esp/documentos_ficha.aspx?id=7131
Regueira, U., Alonso-Ferreiro, A., & Da-Vila, S. (2020). La mujer en YouTube: Representación y participación a través de la técnica Web Scraping. Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación, 28(63), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.3916/C63-2020-03
Richards, L. (2020). Handling qualitative data: A practical guide. Sage Publications Limited.
Ródenas, Ferreras & Torrado (2021). Introducción: Bienvenidos a la cultura de la convergencia. En: Torrado, Roderas y Ferreras (eds). Territorios transmedia y narrativas audiovisuales, 15-17. Barcelona: Editorial UOC.
Romero-Hall, E. (2017). Active user or lurker? A phenomenological investigation of graduate students in social media spaces. International Journal of Social Media and Interactive Learning Environments, 5(4), 326-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/10.1504/IJSMILE.2017.090975
Sensortower, (2020). Top Apps Worldwide for May 2020 by Downloads. https://sensortower.com/blog/top-apps-worldwide-may-2020-downloads
Sharma, A. (2019). Consumer behaviour and centennials. In International Conference on Marketing. Marketing to Centennials in Digital World. 37-49.
Sherman, L. E, Payton, A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P.M. & Dapretto, M. (2016). The power of the like in adolescence: Effects of peer influence on neural and behavioral responses to social media. Psychological Science, 27 (7), 1027-1035, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616645673
Sherman, L. E., Greenfield, P.M., Hernandez, L.M & Dapretto, M. (2018). Peer influence via instagram: Effects on brain and behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Child Development, 89 (1), 37-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12838|
Shutsko A. (2020) User-Generated Short Video Content in Social Media. A Case Study of TikTok. In: Meiselwitz G. (eds) Social Computing and Social Media. Participation, User Experience, Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12195. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49576-3_8
Smith, D. P., & Mills, S. (2019). The ‘youth-fullness’ of youth geographies:‘coming of age’?. Children's Geographies, 17, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2018.1539701
Statista (2020a). Ranking de aplicaciones de redes sociales y mensajería para Android más populares en Google Play Store en España en enero de 2020, por número de descargas. https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/883635/apps-de-redes-sociales-y-mensajeria-para-android-mas-descargadas-espana/
Statista (2020b). Average time spent by children daily on TikTok, Instagram, Snapchat and YouTube in the United Kingdom (UK), as of February 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1124962/time-spent-by-children-on-social-media-uk/
Suing, A., Carpio Jiménez, L., & Sinche, A. (2020). Estética y narrativa audiovisual de youtubers católicos. Questión, 2 (66). https//doi.org/10.24215/16696581e464
Sulistyo, P. B. (2018). Teenagers Preferences, Creations and Participation in Vlogging Activities. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 8(8). http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.8.8.2018.p80113
The Office of Communications (Ofcom, 2020). UK’s internet use surges to record levels. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/uk-internet-use-surges
Torres, C. (2016). Narrativas Mediáticas: La representación virtual del yo en los jóvenes. Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, 147. 153-168.
Tur-Viñes, V., Núñez-Gómez, P., & González-Río, M. J. (2021). Menores influyentes en YouTube. Un espacio para la responsabilidad. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (73), 1211-1230. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1303
van Dijck, J. (2019). La cultura de la conectividad: una historia crítica de las redes sociales. Siglo XXI Editores.
van Oosten, J. M., & Vandenbosch, L. (2017). Sexy online self-presentation on social network sites and the willingness to engage in sexting: A comparison of gender and age. Journal of Adolescence, 54, 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.11.006
Wang, S. (2020b). Personal Branding Strategies of Female Entertainment Influencers on TikTok. Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10624
Wang, Y. (2020a). Influence of camera view on TikTok users’ presence, immersion, and adoption intent. Computers in Human Behavior, 106373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106373
We Are Social y Hootsuite. (2019). Digital 2019. Global Digital Overview. https://bit.ly/322RhmG
We Are Social y Hootsuite. (2020). Digital 2020: Global Digital Overview. https://bit.ly/3gc9kge
We are social. (2020). Digital 2020: The United Kingdom. https://wearesocial.com/uk/digital-2020-uk
Witt, E. A., Massman, A. J., y Jackson, L. A. (2011). Trends in youth’s videogame playing, overall computer use, and communication technology use: The impact of self-esteem and the Big Five personality factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 763-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.025
Wotanis, L. & McMillan, L. (2014). Performing Gender on YouTube: How Jenna Marbles Negotiates a Hostile Online Environment. Feminist Media Studies, 14 (6), 912–928. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.882373
Yang, S., Zhao, Y., & Ma, Y. (2019). Analysis of the Reasons and Development of Short Video Application—Taking Tik Tok as an Example. In Proceedings of the 2019 9th International Conference on Information and Social Science (ICISS 2019), 12-14. https://doi.org/10.25236/iciss.2019.062
Yarosh, S., Bonsignore, E., McRoberts, S., & Peyton, T. (2016). YouthTube: Youth video authorship on YouTube and Vine. Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work y Social Computing, 1423–1437. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819961
Ye, Z., Hashim, N. H., Baghirov, F., & Murphy, J. (2018). Gender differences in Instagram hashtag use. Journal of Hospitality Marketing y Management, 27(4), 386-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1382415
Zhu, C., Xu, X., Zhang, W., Chen, J., & Evans, R. (2020). How health communication via TikTok makes a difference: a content analysis of Tik Tok accounts run by Chinese Provincial Health Committees. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(1), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010192
Zlamal, R., Machackova, H., Smahel, D., Abramczuk, K., Ólafsson, K., y Staksrud, E. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Technical report. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.04dr94matpy7
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
