La participación del público como valor añadido de servicio público para la televisión de proximidad. Estudio de caso de La noche de…, en ETB 2

Ana  Azurmendi; Carles  Llorens; Nereida  López Vidales; Juan José  Bas Portero

doi:10.4185/RLCS-2015-1056

Authors

Ana Azurmendi University of Navarra http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6679-8826
Carles Llorens Autonomous University of Barcelona http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4411-5865
Nereida López Vidales University of Valladolid http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6129
Juan José Bas Portero CEU-Cardenal Herrera University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2015-1056

Keywords:

Audience participation, proximity television, crossmedia interaction

Abstract

While the model of public service television that focuses on audiences has been traditionally criticised for being more akin to the commercial television model than to the public service broadcasting model, contemporary literature points out that in the age of digitisation and convergence audience participation is precisely a key element of public television (Castro, 2012; Doyle, 2010; Kjus, 2009; Bardoel, 2007). This article examines audience participation in Spanish regional public service television and, particularly, tries to determine two questions: 1) whether the variety of participation channels provided by crossmedia productions –a TV show’s website, discussion forums and Twitter and Facebook accounts– increases effective audience participation; and 2) whether this participation can be said to contribute to the fulfilment of the mission of public service television, especially proximity television. Method. The study first provides a review of the literature on audience participation and the forms of participation promoted by European, national and regional policies. The TV show La noche de…, broadcast by the Spanish network ETB 2, is subsequently analysed based on the results of the literature review. Results: The increasing attention paid to audience participation in the European and Spanish literature and legislations is not proportionally reflected on the reality of public service television, and particularly of regional public service television corporations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Ana Azurmendi, University of Navarra

Full Professor of Communication Law (www.unav.edu/en/web/facultad-de-comunicacion/ana-azurmendi), at the School of Communication, of the University of Navarra, since 1991. Board member of the Center for Internet Studies and Digital Life of the University of Navarra. Director of the journal Communication&Society (1997-2013).

Author of eight books, including Derecho de la Comunicación (“Communication Law”) (Bosch, Barcelona, 2011), La reforma de la televisión pública española (“The Reform of the Spanish public television”) (Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia 2007), El derecho a la propia imagen(“The right to self-image”) (Madrid, 1997, and Mexico DF, 1998), El Consejo Audiovisual de Navarra. Sus funciones y competencias en el contexto europeo de regulación del sector audiovisual(“The Audiovisual Council of Navarra. Its duties and powers in the European context of regulation of the audiovisual sector”) Consejo Audiovisual de Navarra, Pamplona 2009). Author of 30 articles published in indexed journals and 28 book chapters.

Former Professor of Communication Law in the TV show “Comparative Media Law”, at the University of Oxford (July 2006), and the University of Paris II (February 2003). Former Professor in the Doctoral TV show in Public Freedoms and Fundamental Rights, of the University of Salamanca-Pan-American University (2007-2008) in Mexico City. Former Professor in the Doctoral TV show in Information Law of Mexico’s National Autonomous University (UNAM)-Universidad de Occidente-Universidad Iberoamericana (2000-2003). Former Professor of Intellectual property law of the Master’s TV show in Creation and Digital Communication of the University of La Coruña (1998-2009).

Main researcher of an R&D project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Competitiveness: “Transformation of regional television, 2013-2016”. Participant in eight financed research projects on the Public Television Service, intellectual property in the digital environment and the conflict between personality rights and freedom of expression.

Appointed evaluator of the Technical Committee of Spain’s National Quality Assessment Plan (2001), and quality evaluator of the schools of communication of the Carlos III University (2006), the University of Malaga (2006), the Camilo José Cela University (2006), the University of the Basque Country (2005), the Pontifical University of Salamanca (2003), and the San Pablo-CEU University of Madrid (2001).

Member of the International Media Lawyers Association (IMLA) and coordinator of the Communication structure and policies division of the AE-IC research group.

Carles Llorens, Autonomous University of Barcelona

Carles Llorens holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Information Sciences (1992) and a Doctoral degree in Audiovisual Communication (2001) from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. His doctoral thesis explored media concentration in Europe and pluralism. Full Professor of Structure of the Audiovisual System of the Autonomous University of Barcelona since 2003. Former coordinator of the Bachelor’s degree TV show in Audiovisual Communication of the University of Barcelona (2010-2013) and Vice-Dean of the Strategy and Innovation Plan of the School of Communication Sciences since 2013 at the same university.

His main lines of research are media concentration in Europe and public television from the perspective of public policies of the European Union.

He developed a research study on the convergence of audiovisual media and the telecommunications sector in Europe at the Centre de Recherche Informatique et Droit (CRID) of the University of Namur (Belgium), thanks to the Marie Curie research fellowship granted by the European Commission (1996-98).

“Academic Visitor” at the Center for Socio-Legal Studies of the University of Oxford (March 2006 to February 2007), where he carried out a research study on the impact of European media policy on British TV companies and regulators.

Former Spanish delegated in the “East of West: Setting a New Central Eastern European Media Research Agenda” (COST A30, 2007-2010).

Member of the consolidated research groups of the Autonomous University of Barcelona GRISS, since 1998, and INCOM since 2005.

Editor of consulting reports for the British company “Solon Consultants”, in projects funded by the European Commission on the evaluation of e-commerce projects and Spanish R&D policies.

Journalist in Europa Press, Marca and Onda Cero Barcelona-Onda Rambla (1993-1996).

Member of the Latin Union of Political Economy of Information, Communication and Culture (ULEPICC), and the European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA)

Nereida López Vidales, University of Valladolid

Full Professor of Journalism at the University of Valladolid with two research lines recognised by the CNEAI. She holds a Doctoral degree in Political Science and Sociology from the University of the Basque Country (1997), a Bachelor’s degree in Political science and administration and a Master’s degree in radio production. She has worked several years in different media companies. She currently combines teaching in undergraduate and postgraduate TV shows at several Spanish universities with teaching at the RTVE Institute. Director and founder of the Observatory of Leisure and Digital Entertainment (Ocendi). Member of several scientific and professional associations, and contributor for various media companies.

Her research lines are audiovisual media and technology, the evolution of professional job profiles, media consumption trends, digital culture, and the creation of new entertainment content for the digital environment. Author of several dozens of journal articles and eleven books.

Juan José Bas Portero, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University

Juan José Bas Portero holds Bachelor’s degrees in Philology, from the University of Valencia, and in Information sciences, from the CEU SAN PABLO University of Valencia, and a Doctoral degree in Information Sciences from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. His Doctoral thesis was directed by Professor Miguel de Moragas and explored the birth of the Valencian Radio and Television.

He started teaching in 1991 at the School of Humanities and Communication Sciences of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University (Valencia). He teaches communication theory, structure and policy. He currently teaches communication structure and audiovisual media system.

His research articles and most relevant publications address audiovisual media structure and policy, especially in the Valencian Community.

He has participated in different R&D projects funded by Spain’s National Plan for Scientific Research, Development and Technological Innovation. One of these projects focuses on the analysis of pluralism in media groups in Spain, while another focuses on the impact of the internet on the redefinition of the regional public service television. He is currently part of a new research project, funded by the National R&D Programme and approved by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This project examines the transformation of regional TV from two perspectives: the weakening of public service broadcasting and technological development in a context of crisis.

References

Alasuutari, P. (1999): Rethinking the media audience: the new agenda, London [etc.]: SAGE. Available at: https://sk.sagepub.com/books/rethinking-the-media-audience DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216996

Azurmendi, A. (2015): Un Espacio público por conquistar. La participación institucionalizada de las audiencias en las televisiones de proximidad españolas y europeas como indicador de transparencia para la gobernanza de los medios de comunicación, Derecom, 19, (aprobado para publicación Septiembre 2015) www.derecom.com

Baldi, P. & Hasebrink, U. (2007): Broadcasters and citizens in Europe: trends in media accountability and viewer participation, Bristol: Intellect Books. Available here. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv36xvv3j

Bardoel, J. O. & D’Haenens, L. (2004): Media responsibility and accountability: New conceptualizations and practices. Communications, 29(1), pp. 5–25. Available here. [Accessed March 31, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2004.007

Bruun, H. (2014): Conceptualizations of the audience in political talk show production. European Journal of Communication, 29(1), pp. 3–16. Available at: http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/29/1/3.abstract DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113509363

Carpentier, N. (2011): Media and participation: A site of ideological-democratic struggle, Bristol: Intellect Books. Available here. [Accessed February 26, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_606390

Carpentier, N. (2009): Participation Is Not Enough The Conditions of Possibility of Mediated Participatory Practices. European Journal of Communication. Available at: http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/24/4/407.short [Accessed February 26, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323109345682

Carpentier, N., Dahlgren, P. & Pasquali, F. (2013): Waves of media democratization: A brief history of contemporary participatory practices in the media sphere. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 19(3), pp.287–294. Available at: http://con.sagepub.com/content/19/3/287.short [Accessed February 27, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856513486529

CdE. (2012a): Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on Public Service Media Governance (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 15 February 2012 at the 1134th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies), Available here.

CdE. (2012b): Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)1 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on public service media governance (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 15 February 2012 at the 1134th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies)Available here.

Cebrián Herreros, M. (2004): La Información en televisión: obsesión mercantil y política, Barcelona: Gedisa. Available at: https://es.scribd.com/book/446033393/La-informacion-en-television-Obsesion-mercantil-y-politica

Collins, R. (2013): Accountability, citizenship and public media. In Routledge Handbook of Media Law. pp. 219–236. Available here. [Accessed March 2, 2015].

Dahlgren, P. (1995): Television and the public sphere: citizenship, democracy, and the media. London: Sage. Available at: https://sk.sagepub.com/books/television-and-the-public-sphere [Accessed March 31, 2015].

Van Dijck, J. & Poell, T. (2014): Making Public Television Social? Public Service Broadcasting and the Challenges of Social Media. Television & New Media, 16(2), pp.148–164. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1527476414527136?journalCode=tvna [Accessed March 2, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476414527136

Doyle, G. (2010): From Television to Multi-Platform: Less from More or More for Less? Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 16(4), pp.431–449. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354856510375145 [Accessed March 7, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856510375145

Enli, G. (2008): Redefining public service broadcasting multi-platform participation. Convergence: The International Journal of Research,15(1), pp. 105–120. Available at: http://con.sagepub.com/content/14/1/105.short [Accessed February 26, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856507084422

Fengler, S. (2012): From media self-regulation to “crowd-criticism”: Media accountability in the digital age. Central European Journal of Communication, 2, pp. 175–189. Available at: https://cejc.ptks.pl/Volume-5-No-2-9-Fall-2012/From-media-self-regulation-to-aposcrowd-criticismapos-Media-accountability-in-the-dig

Fernández Alonso, I. & Fernández Viso, A. (2012): Internal pluralism in the governance of public service broadcasters in Spain and the role of social groups and professionals: the case of RTVE. Comunicación y sociedad = Communication & Society, 25(2), pp. 203–230. Available at: http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4462013 [Accessed March 7, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.25.36167

Fernández, P. E. (2013): Las audiencias en la era digital: interacción y participación en un sistema convergente. Questión. Revista Especializada en Periodismo y Comunicación. 1(40), pp. 68–82.

Fiske, J. & Hartley, J. (1978). Reading television, London: Methuen. Available at: https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2610242

Franquet, R., Villa, M. I. & Bergillos, I. (2013): Public Service Broadcasting’s Participation in the Reconfiguration of Online News Content 1. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(3), pp. 378–397. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jcc4.12014 [Accessed March 2, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12014

Freire, F. C. & Cepeda, A. M. L. (2011): La nueva gobernanza y la televisión pública en España. Revista Eptic Online, 13. Available at: http://www.seer.ufs.br/index.php/eptic/article/view/39.

Fuente. (2014): La contracción de los espacios de participación ciudadana en el ámbito audiovisual: del nonato CEMA a la discutida CNMC. Derecom, (18), pp. 64–75. Available at: http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4799970 [Accessed March 7, 2015].

García Avilés, J. A. (2011): Dimesions and typology of the activities of audience participation in public television. Ámbitos: Revista internacional de comunicación, (20), pp. 175–198. Available at: http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3801770 [Accessed March 3, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2011.i20.09

García Avilés, J. A. (2012): Roles of audience participation in multiplatform television: From fans and consumers, to collaborators and activists. Participations. Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, 9(2), pp. 429–447. Available at: https://www.participations.org/Volume%209/Issue%202/24%20Garcia-Aviles.pdf [Accessed March 2, 2015].

Giglietto, F. & Selva, D. (2014): Second Screen and Participation: A Content Analysis on a Full Season Dataset of Tweets. Journal of Communication, 64(2), pp. 260–277. Available at: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jcom.12085 [Accessed January 13, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12085

Glowacki, M. & Jackson, L. (2014): Public media management for the twenty-first century: creativity, innovation, and interaction. New York, N. Y.: Routledge. Available at: https://www.routledge.com/Public-Media-Management-for-the-Twenty-First-Century-Creativity-Innovation/Glowacki-Jackson/p/book/9781138653672

Hasebrink, U. (2011): Giving the audience a voice: The role of research in making media regulation more responsive to the needs of the audience. Journal of Information Policy. Available here. [Accessed February 26, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0321

Heise, N. et al. (2014): Including the Audience. Journalism Studies, 15(4), pp. 411–430. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2013.831232#.VPR1-EJNnOR [Accessed March 2, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.831232

Jackson, L. (2014): Participating Publics. Implications for Production Practices at the BBC. In Public Media Management for the Twenty-First Century Creativity, Innovation, and Interaction Edited by Michał Głowacki, Lizzie Jackson. Routledge, pp. 234–250.

Jakubowicz, K. (2010): PSB 3.0: Reinventing European PSB. In Reinventing public service communication. pp. 9–22. Available here. [Accessed March 31, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230277113_2

Kjus, Y. (2009): Everyone Needs Idols: Reality Television and Transformations in Media Structure, Production and Output. European Journal of Communication, 24(3), pp.287–304. Available at: http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/24/3/287.abstract [Accessed March 7, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323109336758

Krogh von, T. (2012): Changing political attitudes towards media accountability in Sweden. Central European Journal of Communication, 2, pp.204–223. Available at: https://cejc.ptks.pl/attachments/Changing-political-attitudes-towards-media-accountability-in-Sweden_2018-05-21_09-44-19.pdf

Leppik-Bork, T. (2010): Mapping Media Accountability – in Europe and Beyond, Cologne.

McNair, B., Hibberd, M. & Schlesinger, P. (2002): Public Access Broadcasting and Democratic Participation in the Age of Mediated Politics. Journalism Studies, 3(3), pp. 407–422. Available at: https://bit.ly/3rUVozh [Accessed March 2, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700220145623

McQuail, D. (1992): Media performance: mass communication and the public interest. London [etc.]: Sage. Available at: https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/media-performance/book202974 [Accessed March 31, 2015].

Medina, M. & Ojer, T. (2011): La transformación de las televisiones públicas en servicios digitales en la BBC y RTVE. Comunicar, 18(36), pp. 87–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3916/C36-2011-02-09

Monclús, B. et al. (2015): Listeners, Social Networks and the Construction of Talk Radio Information’s Discourse in the 2.0 Age. In: Bonini, T & Monclús, B. eds. Londres: Routledge, pp. 91–115.

Napoli, P. (2007): Public Interest Media Activism and Advocacy as a Social Movement: A Review of the Literature. McGannon Center Working Paper Series. Available at: https://bit.ly/3uXUwfq

PE. (2010): Resolución del Parlamento Europeo, de 25 de noviembre de 2010, sobre el servicio público de radiodifusión en la era digital: el futuro del sistema dual (2010/2028(INI)) Servicio público de radiodifusión en la era digital: el futuro del sistema dual, Available here.

PE. (1996): Resolución, de 19 de septiembre de 1996, sobre la función de la televisión pública en una sociedad multimedia,

Quintas-Froufe, N. & González-Neira, A. (2014):Audiencias activas: Participación de la audiencia social en la televisión. Comunicar, 43, pp. 83–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3916/C43-2014-08

Sellas, T. (2012): La ràdio a les xarxes socials. Available at: https://bit.ly/3gRp1eD

Sívori, L. (2010): Participation in Spanish PSB: personalized or socialized? In Londres: Ripe 2010, pp. 1–15.

Syvertsen, T. (2004): Citizens, Audiences,Customers and Players: A Conceptual Discussion of the Relationship Between Broadcasters and Their Publics. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 7(3), pp. 363–380. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1367549404044788 [Accessed March 31, 2015]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549404044788

Thorsen, E. (2013): Routinisation of Audience Participation: BBC News Online, Citizenship and Democratic Debate. In The Media, Political Participation and Empowerment. London: Routledge. Available here. [Accessed March 2, 2015].

Vanhaeght, A. S. & Donders, K. (2014): Moving beyond the borders of top-down broadcasting: An analysis of youngsters ’ participation in public service media projects , pp. 95–101.