La negatividad en las informaciones políticas de los medios españoles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2016-1089Palabras clave:
Información política, ciudadanía, participación política, desinterés, negatividadResumen
Una gran cantidad de estudios vinculan el grado de negatividad de las informaciones políticas con la apatía y el desinterés de la ciudadanía hacia la política y la clase política (teoría de la espiral del cinismo). Metodología: Este estudio analiza el nivel de negatividad mediante un análisis de contenido cuantitativo de un total de 563 piezas informativas procedentes de 10 medios españoles (3 periódicos, 2 cadenas nacionales de televisión y 5 medios online). Se estudia su variabilidad en función de las características del medio y de la información a través de un índice que incluye indicadores de tonalidad, conflictividad, incapacidad y caracterización elaborados por Leanguer, Esser y Berganza (2012). Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados confirman que los medios españoles muestran las informaciones políticas en términos negativos, aunque con niveles inferiores a otros países europeos. Tienen más negatividad las piezas sobre temas controvertidos, producidas en formatos de mayor implicación y publicadas en medios impresos y de titularidad privada.
Descargas
Métricas
Citas
Albæk, E., Van Dalen, A., Jebril, N. & De Vreese, C. (2014): Political Journalism in Comparative Perspective. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139567367
Abelson, R. (1963): “Computer simulation of “hot” cognition. En: Tomkins, S. & Messick, D. (Eds.), Computer Simulation of Personality (pp. 277–298). Nueva York: Wiley.
Adriaansen, M., Van Praag, P. & De Vreese, C. (2011): “Substance matters. How news content can reduce political cynicism”. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(4), pp. 433-457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq033
Adriaansen, M., Van Praag, P. & de Vreese, C. (2012): “A mixed report: The effects of strategic and substantive news content on political cynicism and voting”. Communications, 37(2), pp. 153-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2012-0008
Bargh, J. A. (1994): “The four horseman of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition”. En Wyer, R. & Srull, T. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Basic processes, 1. (pp. 1–40). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Baumgartner, F. R. & Chaqués Bonafont, L. (2015): “All News is Bad News: Newspaper Coverage of Political Parties in Spain”. Political Communication, 32(2), pp. 268-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.919974
Bennett, L. W. (2009): News: The politics of illusion (8ª edición). Nueva York: Longman.
Berganza, R. (2008): “Medios de comunicación, ‘espiral del cinismo’ y desconfianza política: Estudio de caso de la cobertura mediática de los comicios electorales europeos”. Zer: Revista De Estudios De Comunicación, 25, España, pp. 121-139.
Berganza, R. (2009): “Framing the European Union and building the media agenda: the 2004 European Parliamentary elections in the Spanish daily press”. Journal of Political Marketing, 8(1), pp. 59-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15377850802605973
Brandenberg, H. (2005): “Political bias in the Irish media: A quantitative study of campaign coverage during the 2002 general election”. Irish Political Studies, 20, pp. 297–322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07907180500359350
Brants, K., De Vreese, C., Moller, J. & Van Praag, P. (2010): “The Real Spiral of Cynicism? Symbiosis and mistrust between politicians and journalists”. International Journal of Press/ Politics, 15(1), pp. 25-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209351005
Cappella, L. & Jamieson, K. (1997): Spiral of cynicism. The press and the public good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
CIS (2013): Barómetro de julio 2013. Avance de resultados (Estudio No. 2.993). En línea en: http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es2993mar_A.pdf
CIS (2009): Barómetro de julio 2013. Ética pública y corrupción (Estudio No. 2.826). En línea en: http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/2820_2839/2826/es2826.pdf
Casero-Ripollés, A., Izquierdo-Castillo, J. & Doménech-Fabregat, H. (2014): “From Watchdog to Watched Dog: Oversight and Pressures between Journalists and Politicians in the Context of Mediatization”. Trípodos, 1(34), pp. 23-40.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951): “Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests”. Psychometrika, 16, pp. 297-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
De Vreese, C. (2005): “The spiral of cynicism reconsidered: the mobilizing function of news”. European Journal of Communication, 20(3), pp. 283-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105055259
De Vreese, C. (2004a): The effects of strategic news on political cynicism, issue evaluations and policy support: A two-wave experiment. Mass Communication & Society, 7(2), pp. 191-215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0702_4
De Vreese, C. (2004b): “The effects of frames in political television news on audience perceptions of routine political news”. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), pp. 36-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100104
De Vreese, C., Esser, F. & Hopmann, D. (Eds.) (En prensa, 2016): Where’s the Good News? Comparing Political Journalism in 16 Countries. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315622286
De Vreese, C. & Tobiasen, M. (2007): “Conflict and identity. Explaining turnout and anti-integrationist voting in the Danish 2004 elections for the European Parliament.” Scandinavian Political Studies, 30, pp. 87-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00174.x
De Vreese, C., Banducci, S. A., Semetko, H. & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2006): “The News Coverage of the 2004 European Parliamentary Election Campaign in 25 Countries”. European Union Politics, 7(4), pp. 477–504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116506069440
Elenbaas, M. & De Vreese, C. (2008): “The effects of strategic news on political cynicism and vote choice among young voters”. Journal of Communication, 58(3), pp. 550-567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00399.x
Esser, F., Engesser, S., Matthes, J. & Berganza, R. (En prensa, 2016): “Negativity in the news. Exploring Drivers of Bad-News Tendency”. In: De Vreese, C., Esser, F. & Hopmann, D. N. (Eds.), Where’s the Good News? Comparing Political Online and Offline Journalism in 16 Countries. Routledge.
Eurobarometer (2009): Special Eurobarometer. Attitudes of Europeans towards Corruption (Estudio 325) [Reporte] En línea en: https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s814_72_2_ebs325?locale=lt
Eurobarometer (2010): Standar Eurobarometer. Public Opinion in the European Union (Estudio 73) [Reporte] En línea en: https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s917_73_4_std?locale=es
Farnsworth, S. J. & Lichter, R. S. (2011): The nightly news nightmare: Television’s coverage of US presidential elections, 1988-2008. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Fazio, R. H. & Williams, C. (1986): “Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, pp. 505–514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.505
Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D., Powell, M. & Kardes, F. (1986): “On the automatic activation of attitudes”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, pp. 229–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229
Fiske, S. T. (1981): “Social cognition and affect”. En Harvey, J. (Ed.), Cognition, social behavior, and the environment (pp. 227–264). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Freedman, P. & Goldstein, K. (1999): “Measuring media exposure and the effects of negative campaign ads”. American Journal of Political Science, 43(4), pp. 1189-1208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2991823
Garz, M. (2014): “Good news and bad news: evidence of media bias in unemployment reports”. Public Choice, 161(3-4), pp. 499-515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-014-0182-2
Hayes, A. (2005): Statistical Methods for Communication Science. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hayes, A. & Krippendorff, K. (2007): “Answering the Call for a Standard Reliability Measure for Coding Data”. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450709336664
Igartua, J. J. (2006): Métodos cuantitativos de investigación en comunicación. Barcelona: Bosch.
Kleinnijenhuis, J. (2008): “Negativity”. En Donsbach, W. (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of communication (pp. 3188-3192). Malden: Blackwell Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecn005
Krippendorff, K. (2004): Content Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lengauer, G., Esser, F. y Berganza, R. (2012): “Negativity in political news: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings”. Journalism, 13(2), pp. 179-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911427800
Lodge, M. & Taber, C. S. (2000): “Three steps toward a theory of motivated political reasoning”. En Lupia, A., DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805813.009
McCubbins, M. & Popkin, S. (Eds.), Elements of reason: Cognition, choice, and the bounds of rationality (pp. 183–213). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lodge, M., McGraw, K. & Stroh, P. (1993): “An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation”. American Political Science Review, 87, pp. 399–419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1962397
Macía, F. (2010): “Validez de los Tests y el Análisis Factorial: Nociones Generales”. Ciencia y Trabajo, 12(35), pp. 276-280.
McCombs, M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972): “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media”. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 2, pp. 176-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
McGraw, K., Lodge, M. & Stroh, P. (1990): “Candidate evaluation: The effect of salience, order, and sophistication”. Political Behavior, 12, pp. 41–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992331
Mair, P. (2006): “Ruling the void: The hollowing of western democracy”. New Left Review, 42, pp. 25-51.
Morris, J., Squires, N., Taber, C. & Lodge, M. (2003): “The activation of political attitudes: Psy- chophysiological evidence for the hot cognition hypothesis”. Political Psychology, 24, pp. 727–745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9221.2003.00349.x
Mishler, W. & Rose, R. (2001): “What are the origins of political trust? Testing institutional and cultural theories in post-communist societies”. Comparative Political Studies, 34, pp. 30–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034001002
Moy, P. & Pfau, M. (2000): With malice toward all? The media and public confidence in democratic institutions. Westport: Praeger.
Moy, P., Pfau, M. & Kahlor, L. (1999): “Media use and public confidence in democratic institutions”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(2), pp. 137-158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364481
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002): The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousan Oaks, CA: Sage.
Norris, P. (2000): A virtuous circle. Political communication in postindustrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609343
Norris, P. (1999): “Introduction: The growth of critical citizens?”. En Norris, P. (Ed.), Criticalcitizens: Global support for democratic governance (pp. 1–27). Oxford, England: Oxford, University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.003.0001
Pérez-Gil, L., Chacón, S. & Moreno, R. (2000): “Validez de constructo: el uso de análisis factorial exploratorio-confirmatorio para obtener evidencias de validez”. Psicothema, 12(2), pp. 442-446.
Sabato, L. J. (1991): Feeding frenzy. New York: Free Press.
Schuck, A., Vliegenthart, R. & De Vreese, C. (2014): “Who's afraid of conflict? The mobilizing effect of conflict framing in campaign news”. British Journal of Political Science, 44(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123413000525
Schudson, M. (1999): “Social origins of press cynicism in portraying politics”. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(6), pp. 998-1008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00027649921954714
Soroka, S. & McAdams, S. (2015). “News, Politics, and Negativity”. Political Communication, 32(1), pp. 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.881942
Patterson, T. E. (2000): Doing well and doing good: How soft news and critical journalism are shrinking the news audience and weakening democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy.
Patterson, T. E. (1994): Out of order. New York: Vintage.
Peter, J. (2003): “Country characteristics as contingent conditions of agenda setting: The moderating influence of polarized elite opinion”. Communication Research, 30(6), pp. 683–712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203257844
Quandt, T. (2008): “No news on the world wide web? A comparative analysis of online news in Europe and the United States”. Journalism Studies, 9(5), pp. 717-738. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700802207664
Ridout, T. & Franz, M. (2008): “Evaluating measures of campaign tone”. Political Communication, 2, pp. 158-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600801985409
Riffe, D., Lacy, S. & Fico, F. G. (2005): Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. Segunda edición. Londres: Lawrence Erlbaum. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410613424
Rozell, M. J. (1996): The press and the Bush presidency. Westport: Praeger.
Taber, C. S. & Lodge, M. (2001): “Motivated skepticism in political information processing”. Comunicación presentada en el Congreso Anual de la Midwest Political Science Association.
Taber, C. S., Lodge, M. & Glathar, J. (2001): “The motivated construction of political judgments”. En Kuklinski, J. H. (Ed.), Citizens and politics: Perspectives from political psychology. London: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511896941.010
Strömbäck, J. (2008): “Swedish election news coverage: Towards increasing mediatization”. En Strömbäck, J. & Kaid, L. L. (Eds.), The handbook of election news coverage around the world (pp. 160-174). Nueva York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203887172
Takens, J., Van Atteveldt, W., Van Hoof, A. & Kleinnijenhuis, J. (2013): “Media logic in election campaign coverage”. European Journal of Communication, 28, pp. 277-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113478522
Torcal, M. & Montero, J. R. (2006): “Political disaffection in comparative perspective”. En Torcal, M. & Montero, J. R. (Eds.), Political disaffection in contemporary democracies: Social capital, institutions, and politics (pp. 3–19). Abingdon, England: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203086186
Van Dalen, A., Albaek, E. & De Vreese, C. (2011): Suspicious minds: Explaining political cynicism among political journalists in Europe. European Journal of Communication, 26(2), pp. 147-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323111404841
Weintraub, A. E. & Pinkleton, B. E. (1995): “Positive and negative effects of political disaffection on the less experienced voter”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39(2), pp. 215-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159509364300
Zaller, J. R. (1999): “A theory of media politics. How the interests of politicians, journalists, and citizens shape the news”. [Manuscrito no publicado] En línea en http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/ZallerTheoryofMediaPolitics(10-99).pdf [Consultado en diciembre de 2014]
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
