La IA como contenido informativo en las cadenas de televisión españolas. Análisis de su presencia e impacto en La 1, Antena 3 y Tele 5

Miguel Ángel Díaz Monsalvo; Nereida López Vidales

doi:10.4185/rlcs-2025-2348

Authors

Miguel Ángel Díaz Monsalvo Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2896-551X
Nereida López Vidales University of Valladolid https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6129

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2025-2348

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, Journalism, audiovisual information, media framing, algorithm, Television

Abstract

Introduction: The research studies the news about Artificial Intelligence broadcast between 2023 and 2024 on the news programmes of the most watched Spanish TV channels, La 1, Antena 3 and Telecinco, and their web portals, in order to explore topics, framing, sources and uses of AI to generate content. Methodology: A structural, formal and narrative content analysis is carried out based on seven common categories and six specific categories for audiovisual and digital environments. Results: The sample totals 798 pieces drawn from 1.542 sources. A third of them have a positive framing and 25% negative. Ten per cent of the footage is made with artificial techniques and one out of five shots is digital. The television channels analysed have diverged in their web insertion strategies to favour migration. Discussion: There is an upward trend towards the use of anonymous sources, but also experts, who seek to delve deeper into the consequences of the news event. Professionals have used audio and image generation algorithms as part of their news and as a tool for raising public awareness to dismantle fake news or deepfakes. Conclusions: The study has detected a growing interest in the audiovisual media sector in this issue since autumn 2023. The media approach is equidistant and critical, although the use of digital images and positive or negative framing is correlated, creating a symbolic link between textual and visual meaning. The use of algorithms as a basis for content or as a verifying element makes explicit the paradigm shift in professional routines.

Downloads

Author Biographies

Miguel Ángel Díaz Monsalvo, Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes

PhD in Journalism from the University of Valladolid. His research focuses on content strategies and the insertion of audiovisual media, both television and radio, academic and professional skills, as well as the development and implementation of strategies in higher education based on new media narratives and projects linked to university radio.

Nereida López Vidales, University of Valladolid

Professor of Journalism at the University of Valladolid, Coordinator of the ELL-Com Doctoral Program, Coordinator of the GIR in Digital Culture, Innovation, Creativity and Social Participation in Communication and President of the OCENDI Observatory. Her lines of academic research focus especially on digital culture, youth media consumption trends, innovation in audiovisual formats, radio and television.

References

Beckett, C. (2019). New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. The London School of Economics and Political Science. https://tinyurl.com/bdhr4ywh

Brennen, J. S. (2018). An industry-led debate: how UK media cover artificial intelligence. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://bit.ly/40fEJo2

Calvo-Rubio, L. M. y Ufarte-Ruiz, M. J. (2020). Perception of teachers, students, innovation managers and journalists about the use of artificial intelligence in journalism. El Profesional De La información, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.ene.09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.ene.09

Campesato, O. (2020). Artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning. Mercury Learning and Information. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781683924654

Canavilhas, J. (2022). Inteligencia artificial aplicada al periodismo: traducción automática y recomendación de contenidos en el proyecto “A European Perspective” (UER). Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 80, 1-13. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2022-1534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2022-1534

Clayton, K., Blair, S., Busam, J. A., Forstner, S., Glance, J., Green, G., Kawata, A., Kovvuri, A., Martin, J., Morgan, E., Sandhu, M., Sang, R., Scholz-Bright, R., Welch, A. T., Wolff, A. G., Zhou, A. y Nyhan, B. (2020). Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False Stories on Social Media. Political Behaviour, 42, 1073-1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0

Corral, D. (25 de julio de 2023). 70.000 noticias hechas con inteligencia artificial, una cobertura especial de RTVE del 23J. RTVE Noticias Castilla La Mancha. https://bit.ly/3VX3PcP

Chuan, C. H., Tsai, W. H. S. y Cho, S. Y. (2019). Framing artificial intelligence in American newspapers. En Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 339-344). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314285

Diakopoulos, N. (2020). Computational news discovery: Towards design considerations for editorial orientation algorithms in journalism. Digital Journalism, 8(7), 945-967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1736946

Dörr, K. (2016). Mapping the field of algorithmic journalism. Digital Journalism, 4(6), 700-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748

Edy, J. A. y Meirick, P. C. (2007). Wanted, dead or alive: media frames, frame adoption, and support for the war in Afghanistan. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 119-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00332.x

Flores Vivar, J. M. (2019). Inteligencia artificial y periodismo: diluyendo el impacto de la desinformación y las noticias falsas a través de los bots. Doxa Comunicación, 29, 197-212. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n29a10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n29a10

Franganillo, J. (2023). La inteligencia artificial generativa y su impacto en la creación de contenidos mediáticos. methaodos. Revista de ciencias sociales, 11(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.17502/mrcs.v11i2.710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17502/mrcs.v11i2.710

Garvey, C. y Maskal, C. (2020). Sentiment analysis of the news media on artificial intelligence does not support claims of negative bias against Artificial Intelligence. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 24(5), 286-299. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2019.0078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2019.0078

Gómez-Calderón, B. y Ceballos, Y. (2024). Periodismo e inteligencia artificial. El tratamiento de los chatbots en la prensa española. index.comunicación, 14(1), 281-300. https://dx.doi.org/10.62008/ixc/14/01Period DOI: https://doi.org/10.62008/ixc/14/01Period

Gurr G. y Metag, J. (2023). Content Analysis in the Research Field of Technology Coverage. En F. Oehmer-Pedrazzi, S. Heike Kessler, E. Humprecht, K. Sommer y L. Castro (Eds.), Standardisierte Inhaltsanalyse in der Kommunikationswissenschaft–Standardized Content Analysis in Communication Research (pp. 239-247). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36179-2_21

JournalismAI (2022). AIJournalism Starter Pack. The London School of Economics and Political Science. https://bit.ly/41tqTzn

de Lara, A. (2022). Retos de la divulgación de la inteligencia artificial en los cibermedios españoles. Contratexto, 38, 205-226. https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto2022.n038.5701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto2022.n038.5701

López-García, X. (2024). (Re)imaginar el periodismo inteligente. Anuario ThinkEPI, 18.https://doi.org/10.3145/thinkepi.2024.e18a02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/thinkepi.2024.e18a02

Lopezosa, C. (2023). Bing chat: hacia una nueva forma de entender las búsquedas. Anuario ThinkEPI, 17. https://doi.org/10.3145/thinkepi.2023.e17a04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/thinkepi.2023.e17a04

Lyu, S. (2022). DeepFake Detection. En H. T. Sencar, L. Verdoliva y N. Memon (Eds.), Multimedia Forensics. Advances in computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 313-331). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7621-5_12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7621-5_12

Mondría, T. (2023). Innovación MedIÁtica: aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial en el periodismo en España. Textual y Visual Media, 17(1), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.56418/txt.17.1.2023.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56418/txt.17.1.2023.3

Moran, R. y Shaikh, S. J. (2022). Robots in the news and newsrooms: Unpacking meta-journalistic discourse on the use of Artificial Intelligence in journalism. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1756-1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129

Navarro, M. y Vázquez-Barrio, T. (2020). El consumo audiovisual de la Generación Z. El predominio del vídeo online sobre la televisión tradicional. Ámbitos: Revista internacional de comunicación, 50, 10-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2020.i50.02

Newman, N. (2022). Journalism, Media, and Technology Trends and Predictions 2022. Reuters Institute-University of Oxford. https://bit.ly/41uXWmJ

Newsguard (2023). Reports about online misinformation and disinformation from NewsGuard’s analysts. https://newsguardtech.com/reports

Ouchchy, L., Coin, A. y Dubljević, V. (2020). AI in the headlines: the portrayal of the ethical issues of artificial intelligence in the media. AI & Soc, 35, 927-936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-00965-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-00965-5

Owsley, C. S. y Greenwood, K. (2022). Awareness and perception of artificial intelligence operationalized integration in news media industry and society. AI & Soc, 39, 417-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01386-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01386-2

Parratt-Fernández, S., Chaparro-Domínguez, M. Á. y Martín-Sánchez, I. M. (2024). Cobertura mediática de la inteligencia artificial periodística en España: relevancia, temas y framing. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 15(2), e25169. https://www.doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.25169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.25169

Peña-Fernández, S., Peña-Alonso, U. y Eizmendi-Iraola, M. (2023). El discurso de los periodistas sobre el impacto de la inteligencia artificial generativa en la desinformación. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 29(4), 833-841. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/esmp.88673 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.88673

Prensa RTVE (6 de marzo de 2024). RTVE prepara la incorporación de la IA a la labor periodística en la cobertura de nuevos procesos electorales. RTVE Comunicación. https://bit.ly/4d0jfU0

Rana, M. S., Nobi, M. N., Murali, B. y Sung, A. H. (2022). Deepfake Detection: A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE Access, 10, 25494-25513. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3154404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3154404

tReasonWhy (15 de enero de 2024). Inteligencia artificial integrada y pantallas verticales para los nuevos informativos de Telecinco. https://bit.ly/49DGFLG

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2023). Digital News Report. University of Oxford. https://bit.ly/3U38EyC

Rowan, K. E. (2003). Informing and explaining skills: Theory and research on informative communication. En J. O. Green y B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 403-438). Laurence Erlbaum.

Saavedra-Llamas, M., Papí-Gálvez, N. y Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, M. (2020). Televisión y redes sociales: las audiencias sociales en la estrategia publicitaria. El profesional de la información, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.06

Sheikh, H., Prins, C. y Schrijvers, E. (2023). AI as a system technology. En Mission AI. The new system technology (pp. 85-134). Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21448-6_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21448-6_4

Sun, S., Zhai, Y., Shen, B. y Chen, Y. (2020). Newspaper coverage of artificial intelligence: A perspective of emerging technologies. Telematics and Informatics, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101433

Tejedor, S. y Vila, P. (2021). Exo Journalism: A Conceptual Approach to a Hybrid Formula between Journalism and Artificial Intelligence. Journalism and Media, 2(4), 830-840. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040048

Thurman, N. (2020). Computational Journalism. En K. Wahl-Jorgensen y T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The Handbook of Journalism Studies (pp. 180-195). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315167497-12

Túñez, M., Toural, C. y Valdiviezo, C. (2019). Automatización, bots y algoritmos en la redacción de noticias. Impacto y calidad del periodismo artificial. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 74, 1411-1433. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2019-1391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2019-1391

Zárate, P. (1 de abril de 2024). Antena 3 gana marzo y lidera por 29º mes, y Telecinco amplía su ventaja sobre La 1 por la segunda posición. Eldiario.es-VerTele. https://bit.ly/4aTtJmb