Interactivity and content as factors of enjoyment in interactive fictions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4185/10.4185/RLCS-64-2009-853-668-681Keywords:
interactivity, interactive fictions, enjoyment, entertainmentAbstract
A report is made of the conclusions of an experimental research whose objectives are: 1.- to explore the relationship between interactivity, content and enjoyment; 2.- to observe the relationship between enjoyment and the concepts of entertainment, pleasure and gratification, and 3.- to find out whether there is a relationship between enjoyment and the manifest intention of posterior consumption, the desire to pay per view and the success forecast of such fiction on television. 310 participants were assigned to one four experimental situations derived from the combination between the variables: modality of fiction (interactive or non-interactive) and content (happy or tragic ending). The results show that: a.- the content exerts a greater influence on the enjoyment of the narrative than does interactivity; b.- the concepts of enjoyment, entertainment and gratification, although related, describe different aspects of the consumption experience and that 3.- enjoyment is linked to the desire for ensuing consumption.
Downloads
References
Bryant, J. y Raney, A. A. (2000): "Sports on the screen". En D. Zillmann y P. Vorderer (Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 153-174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bucy, E. P. (2004). "Interactivity in society: Locating an elusive concept". The information society, 20(5), 373-383.
Carpentier, F. D., Yu, H., Butner, B., Chen, L., Hong, S., Park, D. & Bryant, J. (2001): Dimensions of the entertainment experience: Factors in the enjoyment of action, comedy, and horror films. Artículo presentado en el encuentro anual de la Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, NV.
Cohen, J. (2006): "Audience identification with media characters". En J. Bryant y P. Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 183-197). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Greenberg, B. S. y Hofshire, L. (2000): "Sex on entertainment television". En Bryant, J. y Vorderer, P. (Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 93-111). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hansen, C. H. y Hansen, R. D. (2000): "Music and music videos". En Zillmann, D. y Vorderer, P. (Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 175-196). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hanssen, L., Jankowski, N. W. & Etienne, R. (1996): "Interactivity from the perspective of communication studies", en: Jankowski, N. W. y Hanssen, L. (Eds.), Contours of multimedia: Recent technological theoretical and empirical developments (p. 61-73). Luton, UK: University of Luton Press.
Heeter, C. (1989): "Implications of new interactive technologies for conceptualizing communication". En Salvaggio, J. L. y Bryant, J. (Eds.), Media use in the information age: emerging patterns of adoption and computer use (p. 217-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hoffner, C. & Cantor, J. (1991): "Factors affecting children’s enjoyment of a frightening film sequence". Communication Monographs, 58(1), 41-62.
Horton, D. & Wohl, R. R. (1956): "Mass communication and para-social interaction. Observation on intimacy at a distance". Psychiatry, 19, 215-229.
Huhtamo, E. (1999): "From cybernation to interaction: A contribution to an archaelogy of interactivity". En: Lunenfeld, P. (Ed.), The digital dialectic: New essays on new media (p. 96-110). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Igartua, J. J. y Muñiz Muriel, C. (2008): "Identificación con los personajes y disfrute ante largometrajes de ficción. Una investigación empírica", en Comunicación y Sociedad, XXI(1), 25-52.
King, C. M. (2003): "Humor and Mirth". En: Bryant, J., Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. y Cantor, J. (Eds.), Communication and emotion. Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 349-378). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Larose, R., Heeter, C. & Lee, S. (2005): "Viewer responses to interactive narrative: Comparing interactive versus linear viewership in alone and group settings". Artículo presentado en el encuentro anual de la Asociación Internacional en Comunicación (Internacional Communication Association): Nueva York, NY. Documento obtenido el 10 de octubre de 2006 en http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p13717_index.html
Laurel, B. (1991): Computers as theater. Massachusets: Addison-Wesley.
Lombard, M. & Ditton, Th. (1997): "At the heart of it all: The concept of presence", en Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2), 0–0.
Lombard, M. & Snyder-Dutch, J. (2001): "Interactive advertising and presence: A framework", en Journal of interactive Advertising, 1 (2), Disponible en: http://jiad.org
Meadowcroft, L. M. & Zillmann, D. (1987): "Women’s comedy preferences during the menstrual cycle", en Communication Research, 14, 204-218.
Meadows, D. (2003): "Digital Storytelling: research-based practice in new media". En Visual Communication, 2003(2), 189-194.
Miller, D. E., Katovich, M. A. & Saxton, S. L. (1997): "Constructing complexity: Symbolic interaction and social forms". En Denzin, N. K. (ed.), Studies in symbolic interaction. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Murray, J. H. (1997): Hamlet on the holodeck: The future of narrative in cyberspace. Nueva York, NY: The Free Press.
Nabi, R. L. & Krcmar, M. (2004): "Conceptualizing media enjoyment as attitude: Implications for mass media effects research". En Communication Theory, 14(4), 288-310.
Oliver, M. B. & Nabi, R. L. (2004): "Exploring the concept of media enjoyment: An introduction to the special issue". En Communication Theory, 14(4), 285–287.
Oliver, M. B. (1993): "Exploring the paradox of the enjoyment of sad films". En Human Communication Research, 19, 315-342.
Oliver, M. B., Weaver, J. B. & Sargent, S. (2000): "An examination of factors related to sex differences in enjoyment of sad films". En Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 38, 179-192.
Raney, A. A. (2006): "The psychology of disposition-based theories of media enjoyment". En Bryant, J. y Vorderer, P. (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 137-150).: Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Raney, A. A. (2003): "Disposition-based theories of enjoyment". En Bryant, J., Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. y Cantor, J. (Eds.), Communication and emotion. Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 61-84).: Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Raney, A. A. & Bryant, J. (2002): "Moral judgment and crime drama: An integrated theory of enjoyment". En Journal of Communication, 52(2), 402-415.
Schultz, T. (2000): "Mass media and the concept of interactivity: An exploratory study of online forums and reader e-mail". En Media, culture and society, 22(2), 205-221.
Sohn, D. & Lee, B. (2005): "Dimensions of interactivity: Differential effects of social and psychological factors". En Journal of computer-mediated communication, 10(3): Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/10/3/JCMC10311/4614472
Soto, M. T. (2001): "La creación y percepción de ficciones interactivas televisivas". En Anuario Ininco. Investigaciones de la comunicación, 13(2), 200-231.
Sparks, G. G. (1991): "The relationship between distress and delight in males and females reactions to frightening films". En Human Communication Research, 17, 625-637.
Steuer, J. (1992): "Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence". En Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73-93.
Straubhaar, J. & LaRose, R. (1996): Communications media in the information society, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press.
Valkenburg, P. M., Cantor, J. & Peeters, A. L. (2000): "Fright reactions to television: a child survey". En Communication Research, 27, 82-99.
Vorderer, P. (2000): "Interactive entertainment and beyond". En Zillmann, D. y Vorderer, P. (Eds.). Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 21-36). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Vorderer, P. & Knobloch, S. (2000): "Conflict and suspense in drama". En Zillmann, D. & Vorderer, P. (Eds.), Media entertainment: The p2sychology of its appeal (pp.59-72). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Vorderer, P., Klimmt, Ch. & Ritterfeld, U. (2004): "Enjoyment: At the heart of media entertainment", en Communication Theory, 14(4), 388–408.
Vorderer, P., Knobloch, S. & Schramm, H. (2001): "Does entertainment suffer from interactivity? The impact of watching an interactive TV movie on viewers’experience of entertainment". En Media Psychology, 3, 343-363.
Vorderer, P. (2003): "Entertainment theory". En Bryant, J., Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. y Cantor, J. (Eds.), Communication and emotion. Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp.131-153). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Vorderer, P., Steen, F. F. & Chain, E. (2006): "Motivation". En Bryant, J. y Vorderer, P. (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 3-17). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zillmann, D. (1996): "The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition". En Vorderer, P., Wuff, H. J. y Friedrichsen, M. (Eds.), Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations (pp. 199-231). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Zillmann, D. (1994): "Mechanisms of emotional involvement with drama". En Poetics, 23, 33-51.
Zillmann, D. (1988): "Mood management through communication choices". En American Behavioral Scientist, 31, 327-340.
Zillmann, D. (1983): "Transfer of excitation in emotional behaviour". En Cacioppo, J. T. y Petty, R. E. (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp. 215-240). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
Zillmann, D. (1980): "Anatomy of suspense", en P.H. Tannenbaum (Ed.), The entertainment functions of television (pp. 133-163). Hillsdale, NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zillmann, D. & Bryant, J. (2002): "Entertainment as media effect". En Bryant, J. y Zillmann, D. (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 371-361). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.