A Critical Evaluation of Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4185/10.4185/RLCS-64-2009-818-210-227Keywords:
Propaganda Model, political economy of communication, propaganda, communicative production, news productionAbstract
This article reviews the five elements (filters) which compose the Propaganda Model and evaluates its relevance and validity twenty years after its original elaboration by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky. The article also analyzes the applicability of the model to other contexts which were not originally contemplated and reflects on other elements which also have the effect of filtering the information and, therefore, should be taken into account by the model. Finally, it considers the possibility of adding two new filters proposed by other authors. The article concludes that the Propaganda Model is even more valid today than it was twenty years ago. It is a very adequate research tool for the analysis of the mass media, but, since it promotes an analysis which is contrary to the interests of the élites, it tends to be institutionally marginalized.
Downloads
References
Almirón, N. (2008): “La financiarización de los grupos de comunicación en España: el caso del grupo PRISA”. Eptic, Revista de Economía Política de las Tecnologías de de la Información y Comunicación, 10(2), Mayo – Agosto. https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/57860
Alterman, E. (2003): What liberal media? The Truth About Bias and the News. New York: Basic Books
Bagdikian, B. (1997): The Media Monopoly (Fifth Edition). Boston: Beacon Press
Bagdikian, B. (2004): The New Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press
Barker, M. (2005): “Manufacturing policies: the media’s role in the policy making process”. Refereed paper presented to the Journalism Education Conference, Griffith University, 29 November – 2 December 2005.
Barnouw, E. (1978): The Sponsor: Notes on a Modern Potentate. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1997): Sobre la televisión. Barcelona: Anagrama
Boyd-Barrett, O. (2004): “Judith Miller, The New York Times, and the propaganda model”, Journalism Studies. 5(4): 435-449. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700412331296383?journalCode=rjos20
Communication Workers of America (2004): “Media Unions, Members of Congress Callo n FCC Chairman Powel to Hold Full Public Hearings on Media Ownership”. July 10.
Chomsky, N. y Herman, E. S. (1988): Manufacturing Consent. The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books.
Chomsky, N. y Herman, E. S. (1990): Los guardianes de la libertad. Propaganda, desinformación y consenso en los medios de comunicación de masas. Barcelona: Crítica.
Chomsky, N. (1989): Necessary Illusions. Thought Control in Democratic Societies. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
Chomsky, N. (2005): “Chomsky Answers Guardian”, Zmag, November 13. https://libcom.org/news/article.php/chomsky-answers-guardian-13-11-05. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Chomsky, N. (autor), Mitchell, P. y Schoeffel, J. (eds.), (2002): Understanding Power: The indispensable Chomsky. New York: The New Press.
Cromwell, D. (2002): Private Planet. Corporate Plunder and the Fight Back. Oxford: Jon Carpenter Publishing.
Cromwell, D. y Edwards, D. (2006): Guardians of Power. The Myth of the Liberal Media. London: Pluto Press.
Cromwell, D. y Edwards, D. (2008): “Complicit enablers – UK Media ignore US Whistleblowers”. Medialens, June 11. http://www.medialens.org/alerts/08/080611_complicit_enablers_the.php Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Davies, N. (2008): Flat Earth News. London: Chatto & Windus
Democracy Now! (2008): “Taxi to the Dark Side ganó Oscar a mejor documental”. 25 de Febrero. http://www.democracynow.org/es/2008/2/25/titulares. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Dinan, W. y Miller, D. (2007): A Century of Spin: How Public Relations Became the Cutting Edge of Corporate Power. London: Pluto Press
Doherty, A. (2005): “Propaganda and the BBC”, Zmag, February 7. http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/6920. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Falk, R. y Friel, H. (2004: The Record of the Paper: How The New York Times Misreports US Foreign Policy. London: Verso
Farsetta, D. y Price, D. (2006: “Still Not the News. Stations Overwhelmingly Fail to Disclose VNRs. A follow-up multimedia report on television newsrooms’ continuing use of fake news provided by PR firms”. Center for Media and Democracy. November 14. http://www.prwatch.org/pdfs/CMD_Report_Public.pdf. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Franklin, B., Lewis, J., Mosdell, N., Thomas, J. y Williams, A. (2008: “The Quality and Independence of British Journalism.Tracking the changes over 20 years”. MediaWise, 1 February. http://www.mediawise.org.uk/display_page.php?id=999. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
FAIR (2008): “McClellan Confessions Spark Media Denial”. FAIR, May 30. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3382. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Gans, H. J. (2003): Democracy and the News. New York: Oxford University Press.
Greenwald, G. (2008): “CNN/MSNBC reporter: Corporate executives forced pro-Bush, pro-war narrative”. Salon, 29 May. http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2008/05/29/yellin. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Herman, E. S. (1998): “El modelo de propaganda revisitado”. Voces y culturas 14, II Semestre, pp. 11-26. Barcelona.
Herman, E. S. (2000): “'The Propaganda Model: A Retrospective”. Journalism Studies, 1(1), pp.101-112.
Herring, E. y Robinson, P. (2003): ''Too polemical or too critical? Chomsky on the study of the news media and US foreign policy”. Review of International Studies, 29, 553–568. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097876
Howard, I. (2002): “Power Sources. On party, gender, race and class, TV news looks to the most powerful groups”, Extra!, May/June. https://fair.org/extra/power-sources/. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
“Information Operations Roadmap” (2003): U.S. Defence Department. http://www.iwar.org.uk/iwar/resources/io/io-roadmap.pdf. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Jamieson, K. (2000): The Interplay of Influence. Belmont, London: Wadsworth
Kimberley, P. (2000): “Solid Ratings Don’t Protect Progressive Radio Voices”. Extra!, July-August. https://bit.ly/39AlaCE. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Klaehn, J. (2002): “A critical review and assessment of Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model”. European Journal of Communication, 17(2), 147-82
Klaehn, J. (2003): “Behind the Invisible Curtain of Scholarly Criticism: revisiting the propaganda model”. Journalism Studies, 4(3), 359-69.
Klaehn, J. (ed.) (2005): Filtering the News: Essays on Herman and Chomsky's Propaganda Model. London: Black Rose Books.
Klinenberg, E. (2000): "Los periodistas multiusos del Chicago Tribune". Revista electrónica Sala de Prensa, nº 21, julio, año III, Vol. II. http://www.saladeprensa.org/art142.htm. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Lewis, C. and Reading-Smith, M. (2008): “Iraq: The War Card: orchestrated Deception on the Path to War”. The Center for Public Integrity. 23 January. http://projects.publicintegrity.org/WarCard. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
McChesney, R. (1989): “The Political Economy of the Mass Media: An Interview with Edward S. Herman”. Monthly Review, 40(8), January. https://bit.ly/3Qr8v5A Última consulta: 23/02/09.
McChesney, R. (2008): The Political Economy of Media. Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas. New York: Monthly review Press.
Miller, D. (ed.) (2004): Tell me Lies: Propaganda and Media Distortion in the Attack on Iraq. London: Pluto Press
Mitchell, G. (2008): “So Wrong for So Long: Greg Mitchell on How the Press, the Pundits—and the President—Failed on Iraq”. Democracy Now!, 24 March. https://bit.ly/3n1Wrub. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Moyers, B. (2007): “Buying the war” (Transcript), PBS, 25 April. http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/btw/watch.html. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Moyers, B. (2008): “National Media Reform Conference Minneapolis, MN”, PBS, June. 7. http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/06062008/Moyers_Media_Reform.pdf. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Mosco V. (1996): The Political Economy of Communication: Rethinking and Renewal. London: Sage
Navarro, V. (2007): “El sesgo liberal de los medios de información”. El País, edición Cataluña, 16 de Octubre. https://bit.ly/3tHtSGh. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Odina, M. y Halevi, G. (1997): América, Sociedad Anónima. Barcelona: Planeta
Pazienza, C. (2008): “Say What You Will (Requiem for a TV News Career”. Huffington Post, February 18. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chez-pazienza/say-what-you-will-requie_b_87282.html. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Powell, B. A. (2004): “Reporters, commentators visit Berkeley to conduct in-depth postmortem of Iraq war coverage”. UC Berkley News, 12 March. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/15_mediatwar.shtml. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Ries, A. y Trout, J. (2004): Las 22 leyes inmutables del marketing (2ª edición). México: McGraw Hill
Sparks, C. (2007): “Extending and Refining the Propaganda Model”. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture (University of Westminster, London), 4(2), 68-84. ISSN 1744-6708 (Print); 1744-6716 (Online). https://bit.ly/3xzwRl4. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Serrano, P. (2007): “El copyright de Goliat. El absurdo de las exigencias del diario El País a rebelion.org”. Pascualserrano.net, 24 de noviembre. http://www.pascualserrano.net/noticias/el-copyright-de-goliat. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
Thussu, D. (2008): News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment. London: Sage
Turow, J. (1997): Breaking Up America. Advertisers and the New Media World. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
Vanderlinden, C. (2006): “Technology as the Sixth Filter: Revising the Propaganda Model”. Paper presented at Colloque annuel de l’ACC / CCA Annual Conference 2006, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Whiten, J. (2004): “If News From Iraq Is Bad, It's Coming From U.S. Officials”, Extra! February. https://bit.ly/39J0sR3. Última consulta: 23/02/09.
