¿Cómo interpretan y contextualizan los periodistas mexicanos en las notas que publican sobre crimen organizado? La subjetividad ampliada

Elba Diaz Cervero; Daniel Barredo-Ibáñez; Rubén Arnoldo González Macías

doi:10.4185/rlcs-2024-2170

Authors

Elba Diaz Cervero Universidad Panamericana Campus Guadalajara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-1498
Daniel Barredo-Ibáñez University of Malaga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2259-0756
Rubén Arnoldo González Macías Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-5328

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2024-2170

Keywords:

contextualization, organized crime, interpretation, Mexico, journalism, Mexican journalists, amplified subjectivity

Abstract

Introduction: The notion of objectivity is the cornerstone of the liberal model of journalism. Following that scheme, one of the aims of news stories is to foster citizens’ understanding of the world they live in, but this can only be achieved through journalists’ vision. In that sense, the aim of this article is to analyze the level of interpretation and contextualization that Mexican journalists deliver when they report on organized crime. Methodology: In doing so, this paper draws on 24 qualitative interviews with news workers who cover this beat across the country. Results and discussion: The findings suggest that journalists do interpret and contextualize the information. This is because they are interested in helping their audiences to better understand this highly complex phenomenon. Although most of the informants said that they separate facts from opinion, they constantly interpret the information by relying upon their amplified subjectivity; which represents the main contribution of this inquiry. Conclusions: The main conclusions suggest that criminals’ pressure constrains reporters’ freedom to interpret the information they publish. Therefore, despite journalists’ efforts, the average Mexican news consumer cannot fully understand the organized crime phenomenon.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Elba Diaz Cervero, Universidad Panamericana Campus Guadalajara

The University Panamericana. School of Communication. Álvaro del Portillo. Mexico.

Elba Díaz Cerveró holds a Ph.D. in Journalism from the Universidad San Pablo-CEU in Madrid, and since 2013, she has worked as a research professor at the University Panamericana Campus Guadalajara in Mexico, where she also serves as the Research Director in Communication. Her primary research focus lies in journalistic coverage of violence, organized crime, and their effects. She has coordinated four books and authored three of her own. Additionally, she has published 20 indexed articles and an equal number of book chapters and has presented over 20 papers and lectures at international conferences. She is also a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI Level II) of the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) in Mexico.

eldiazc@up.edu.mx

Índice H: 6

Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-1498

Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57194387853

Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com.mx/citations?user=BdKjEiMAAAAJ&hl=es

ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elba-Diaz-Cervero

Academia.edu: https://independent.academia.edu/ElbaDiazdeCervero

Daniel Barredo-Ibáñez, University of Malaga

He is a Researcher at the Department of Journalism of the University of Malaga, Spain, and also a Visiting Researcher at the Fudan Development Institute, Fudan University, China. He holds a Ph.D. in Journalism from the University of Malaga, a master's degree and an expert in Communication, and bachelor's degrees in Hispanic Philology and Audiovisual Communication from the University of Granada. He currently directs the projects "App-Andalus," with reference number EMC21_00240, funded by the General Secretariat for Research and Innovation of the Andalusian Government (Spain), thanks to the Emergia Program; and "Suicide Risk and Media and Social Media Consumption," funded by the Social Observatory of the "La Caixa" Foundation.

daniel.barredo@uma.es

Índice H: 20

Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2259-0756

Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hJdDKdMAAAAJ&hl=en

ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel-Barredo-Ibanez

Academia.edu: https://uma.academia.edu/DanielBarredoIbáñez

Rubén Arnoldo González Macías, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

He is a journalist and academic. He holds a Ph.D. in Communication Studies from the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom. He has served as a reporter, editor, and Chief of Research at La Voz de Michoacán newspaper in Morelia, Mexico. Currently, he is a Full Professor-Researcher at the Institute of Government and Strategic Development Sciences at the Benemérita Autonomous University of Puebla, Mexico, where he also coordinates the Center for Political Communication Studies. He holds the "Perfil Deseable PRODEP" and is a National Researcher at Conacyt Level I. He was honored as the holder of the Mexico 2022 Chair at Temple University in Philadelphia, USA, where he was a visiting professor during the fall semester of that year. His expertise lies in journalism studies (professionalization, violence against the press, and journalist-source relationships) and media systems in emerging democracies.

ruben.arnoldo@correo.buap.mx

Índice H: 12

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-5328

ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ruben-Gonzalez-23

Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=LQxDi30AAAAJ&hl=es

Academia.edu: https://buap-mx.academia.edu/RubenArnoldoGonzalezMacias

References

Adorno, T. (1984). La dialéctica negativa. Taurus.

Albarrán de Alba, G. (2020). El Periodismo Iberoamericano en la Encrucijada de su Propia Identidad: Una visión crítica del periodismo de investigación en México. En La Comunicación Pública en Iberoamérica: I Conferencias de las Cumbres Iberoamericanas de Comunicadores (pp. 37-46). Fundación Interamericana de la Comunicación.

Anderson, C. W., & Schudson, M. (2020). Objectivity, Professionalism, and Truth Seeking. En K. Wahl-Jorgensen, & T. Hanitzsch (Eds). The Handbook of Journalism Studies (pp 136-150). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315167497-9

Artículo 19. (18 de septiembre de 2023). Periodistas asesindas/os en México. https://articulo19.org/periodistasasesinados/

Broersma, M. (2018). Americanization, or the Rhetoric of Modernity. How European journalism adapted US norms, practices and conventions. En K. Arnold, P. Preston, & S. Kinnebrock (Eds.), The Handbook of European Communication History (pp. 403-417). Chichester and Malden: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119161783.ch22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119161783.ch22

Cantavella, J., & Serrano, J. (2004). Redacción para periodistas. Informar e interpretar. Ariel.

Chillón, J. M. (2019). Periodismo, realismo y sociedad abierta. Dilemata, (29), 21-31. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6828679

Chillón, J. M. (2007). La verdad periodística. En busca de un nuevo paradigma. Universitas philosophica, 24(48), 95-125. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4095/409534410005.pdf

Del Hoyo-Hurtado, M., García-Galera, M.C., & Blanco-Alfonso, I. (2020). Desinformación y erosión de la credibilidad periodística en el contexto de las noticias falsas. Estudio de caso. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 26(4), 1399-1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/esmp.70238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.70238

Delgadillo-Grajeda, A., & Arellano Ceballos. A. (2019). La interpretación de la realidad social a través del periodismo: reflexiones epistemológicas. Estudios de la Ciénega, 01, 5-12.

Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905056815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905056815

Díaz-Cerveró, E. Barredo Ibáñez, D., & Hueso, M. (2017). La ficcionalización de la fuga de Joaquín Guzmán Loera en la prensa mexicana. Un estudio del tratamiento en los periódicos "Reforma", "El Universal"," La Jornada" y "Excélsior"(2015). Estudios Sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 23(2), 773-792. https://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.58015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.58015

Díaz-Cerveró, E., & Barredo Ibáñez, D. (2020). Journalistic Coverage of Organized Crime in Mexico: Reporting on the Facts, Security Protocols, and Recurrent Subthemes. International Journal of Communication, 14(2020), 2500-2518. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11937

Díaz-Cerveró, E., Barredo Ibáñez, D., & González Macías, R. A. (2022). Caught in the Middle: Internal and External Pressures on the Coverage of Organized Crime in Mexico. SAGE Open, April-June, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221094610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221094610

Gelado-Marcos, R., Alcalá-Santaella Oria de Rueda, M., & Rubira-García, R. (2019). El periodismo español en tiempos de crisis. Un análisis multifactorial de amenazas y oportunidades para un ejercicio profesional de calidad. El Argonauta español, 16f. https://doi.org/10.4000/argonauta.3710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/argonauta.3710

Gomis, L. (1986). Teoría del Periodismo. Cómo se forma el presente.Paidós Comunicación.

González-Conde, M-J., Prieto González, H., & Barceló Ugarte, T. (2022). Trasvase discursivo de los textos creativos- literarios al periodismo narrativo: la crónica. Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información, 27, 33-51. http://doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2022.27.e131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2022.27.e131

González-Macías, R. A., Díaz-Cerveró, E., & Barredo-Ibáñez, D. (2022). ¿Unidos o fragmentados? Organizaciones de periodistas como respuesta a la violencia contra la prensa en México. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 28(2), 305-315. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/esmp.78672 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.78672

Hanitzsch, T., & Örnebring, H. (2020). Professionalism, Professional Identity, and Journalistic Roles. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen, & T. Hanitzsch (Eds). The Handbook of Journalism Studies (pp. 105-122). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315167497-7

Harbers, F., & Broersma, M. (2014). Between engagement and ironic ambiguity: mediating subjectivity in narrative journalism. Journalism, 15(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914523236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914523236

Hernández Castro, J., & Calzadilla Rodríguez, I. (2021). El periodismo retrospectivo en el rescate histórico del rock cubano. Alcance, 10(26), 164-172. http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ralc/v10n26/2411-9970-ralc-10-26-164.pdf

Hearns-Branaman, J. O. (2014). Journalistic professionalism as indirect control and fetishistic disavowal. Journalism, 15(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912474202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912474202

Hsieh, C. (2008). Evidentiality in Chinese newspaper reports: subjectivity/objectivity as a factor. Discourse Studies, 10(2), 205-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607087009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607087009

Manfredi Sánchez, J. L., & Ufarte Ruiz, M. J. (2020). Inteligencia artificial y periodismo. Revista Cidob d'afers internacionals, (124), 49-72. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2020.124.1.49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2020.124.1.49

Massini-Correas, C. I. (1997). Los dilemas del constructivismo ético (análisis a partir de las ideas de John Rawls). Universidad de Navarra.

Márquez, M., Mellado, C., & Humanes, M. (2019). Detached or Interventionist? Comparing the Performance of Watchdog Journalism in Transitional, Advanced and Non-democratic Countries. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(1), 53-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219872155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219872155

Mellado, C., Mothes, C., Hallin, D., Humanes, M. L., Lauber, M., Mick, J., Silke, H., Sparks, C., Amado, A., Davydov, S., & Olivera, D. (2020). Investigating the gap between newspaper journalists’ role conceptions and role performance in nine European, Asian, and Latin American countries. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(4), 552-575 https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220910106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220910106

Montero, L., & Gewerc, A. (2018). La profesión docente en la sociedad del conocimiento. Una mirada a través de la revisión de investigaciones de los últimos 10 años. RED. Revista de Educación a Distancia, 56, 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/red/56/3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/red/56/3

Odriozola-Chéné, J., Gutiérrez-Atala, F., Domínguez-Panamá, J. J., & Pérez-Arozamena, R. (2019). Las relaciones de las influencias en los procesos de producción informativa y sus efectos en la calidad periodística. Una visión desde Latinoamérica. Cuadernos.info, 44, 119-134. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1297

Reyna García, V. H. (2019). De la estandarización a la descualificación: las consecuencias indeseadas de la modernización del periodismo mexicano. Comunicación y sociedad, 16, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2019i0.7072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32870/cys.v2019i0.7072

Rodrigo-Alsina, M. y Cerqueira, L. (2019). Periodismo, ética y posverdad. Cuadernos.info, 44, 225-239. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1418

Rojas, J. A. (2002). El trabajo de creación: una creación que trabaja. Teorías implícitas elaboradas por creadores artísticos. Actualidades en psicología, 18(105), 68-79. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/apsi/v18n105/v18n105a05.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v18i105.56

Sadin, E. (2017). La humanidad aumentada. La administración digital del mundo. Caja Negra Editores.

Schudson, M. (1989). The sociology of news production. Media, Culture and Society, 11(3), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634438901100300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/016344389011003002

Schudson, M. (2005). Four approaches to the sociology of news. En J. Curran, & M. Gurevitch (Eds.). Mass media and society. Hodder Education.

Serrano Oceja, J. F., & Solano Altaba, M. (2021). La tendencia a la espectacularización como criterio periodístico: el caso de los refugiados. Araucaria, 23(48), 535-549. https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2021.i48.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2021.i48.24

Shapiro, I. (2010). What's a Good Story? Recognizing Quality in Journalist’s Work. En T. Currie, K. Kierans, & P. Benedetti (Eds.). The New Journalist: Roles, Skills and Critical Thinking (pp. 99-112). Edmond Montgomery.

Standaert, O., Hanitzsch, T., & Dedonder, J. (2019). In their own words: A normative-empirical approach to journalistic roles around the world. Journalism, 22(4), 919-936 https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919853183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919853183

Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource (4ª edición.). Wiley.

Tuchman, G. (1972). Objectivity as a strategic ritual: An Examination of Newsmen’s Notions of Objectivity. American Journal of Sociology, 77(4), 660-679 https://doi.org/10.1086/225193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/225193

Valles, M. S. (2007). Entrevistas cualitativas (Vol. 32). College for International Studies.

Vinuesa, C. J., y Nicolás-Sans, R. (2023). Periodismo deontológico vs periodismo digital: ¿Las dos caras de la misma moneda? VISUAL REVIEW. International Visual Culture Review/Revista Internacional de Cultura Visual, 15(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.37467/revvisual.v10.4623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37467/revvisual.v10.4623

Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2012). Subjectivity and story-telling in journalism. Examining expressions of affect, judgement and appreciation in Pulitzer Prize-winning stories. Journalism Studies, 14(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.713738 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.713738

Waldenström, A., Wiik, J., & Andersson, U. (2019). Conditional Autonomy. Journalistic practice in the tension field between professionalism and managerialism. Journalism Practice, 13(4), 493-508, https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1485510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1485510

Zamin, A. (2019). Cuando el periodista es el testimonio en el centro del relato. Verso e Reverso, 33(82), 67-72. https://acortar.link/nsk5k9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4013/ver.2019.3382.07