Estereotipos y sesgos en el tratamiento de candidatas y candidatos en programas televisivos en las elecciones legislativas de Argentina en 2017

Virginia  García Beaudoux; Orlando  D’Adamo; Salomé Berrocal Gonzalo; Marina  Gavensky

doi:10.4185/RLCS-2020-1458

Authors

Virginia García Beaudoux Buenos Aires' University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2428-8056
Orlando D’Adamo Buenos Aires' University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4871-6633
Salomé Berrocal Gonzalo University of Valladolid http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-0509
Marina Gavensky Belgrano University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0698-4875

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1458

Keywords:

soft news; hard news; infotainment; electoral campaign; Argentina; gender stereotypes

Abstract

Introduction: The article is included in the framework of empirical research on news coverage in the electoral campaign, with the novelty of examining gender stereotypes and biases in information and political infotainment shows in the legislative elections in Argentina in 2017. Methodology: Content analysis is carried out of the most popular information and politainment shows. The sample is made up of 132 broadcasts. Results: It is observed how the presence of male candidates tripled the presence of female candidates in all the examined shows, besides receiving a greater number of mentions. In the case of women, the comments and questions made to them correspond mostly to soft news, while men are related to hard news. Conclusions: Male candidates receive more mentions and invitations in newscasts and talk shows and dominate the hard news. In female candidates, gender stereotypes related to their physical appearance or domestic role are still present.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Virginia García Beaudoux , Buenos Aires' University

Ph.D. in Psychology. Associate Professor of Electoral Campaigns, Propaganda, and Public Opinion at the University of Buenos Aires. Co-director of the Public Opinion Center of the University of Belgrano. CONICET researcher. She is a professor in various political communication programs: at the ICPS of the Autonomous University of Barcelona; the Ortega y Gasset University Institute, and the Master in Image and Political Consulting in Madrid. She has performed more than 40 communication consultancies for international and multilateral organizations such as UNDP, UN Women, OAS, International IDEA, and NIMD. A regular speaker at international forums, in 2018 she was invited to the European Parliament to present an agenda for strengthening women's political leadership. Author of 11 books. Her most recent title ¿Quién teme el Poder de las Mujeres? Bailar hacia atrás con tacones altos was published in Spain, and also in English with the title Dancing Backwards in High Heels. Women, Leadership, and Power.

Orlando D’Adamo, Buenos Aires' University

Ph.D. in Psychology. Associate Professor of Public Opinion in the Political Science Degree, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Buenos Aires. Associate Professor of Political Psychology and Leadership in the Political Science Degree of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the University of Belgrano, Argentina. Director of the Public Opinion Center of the University of Belgrano. Professor in the Political Communication programs of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, the Complutense University of Madrid, the University of Santiago de Compostela together with the Ortega y Gasset University Institute in Madrid; the Master in Image and Political Consulting from the Camilo José Cela University of Madrid, and the specialization in Political Communication at the University of Salamanca, Spain. A regular speaker at universities in Spain and Latin America. He has published 10 books and numerous articles in the area of political communication.

Salomé Berrocal Gonzalo, University of Valladolid

Ph.D. from the Complutense University of Madrid and Full Professor of Journalism at the University of Valladolid (Spain). She is the coordinator of the GIR NUTECO (Recognized Research Group on New Trends in Communication). She has published more than 50 research papers, 7 of them are complete monographs. She has participated in 10 research projects financed in national and international public calls, in 4 of them as the Main Researcher. She has carried out numerous research stays, including those carried out in world-renowned institutions such as the George Washington University, University of California San Diego, Suffolk University, in the United States, the University of Toronto in Canada, or the universities of Milan or La Sapienza, in Italy, among others. Her lines of research focus on political communication, with a special interest in recent years in the analysis of the phenomenon of political infotainment, social participation in political life, communication and public opinion, communication sociology. Her latest book edited by Tirant Lo Blanch is Politainment: show politics in the media.

Marina Gavensky, Belgrano University

Degree in Psychology. Graduated from the Graduate Program in Political and Institutional Communication at the Universidad Católica Argentina. Teacher in the subjects Social Psychology, and Social and Community Psychology, at the University of Belgrano, Argentina. She has published articles in the Revista Mexicana de Opinión Pública and Más Poder Local.

References

Abela, J. A. (2005). Las técnicas de análisis de contenido: Una revisión actualizada. Universidad de Granada.

Bardin, L. (2011). Análises de Conteúdo. Almedina Brasil.

Baum M. A. (2005). Talking the Vote: Why Presidential Candidates Hit the Talk Show Circuit. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 213-234.

Baum, M. A. & Jamison, A. S. (2006). The Oprah effect: Howsoft news helps inattentive citizens vote consistently. Journal of Politics, 68(4), 946-959.

Baumgartner, J. & Morris, J. (2006). The Daily Show Effect. Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy and American Youth. American Politics Research, 34(3), 341-367.

Baxter, J. (2017). Women Leaders and Gender Stereotyping in the UK Press: A Post-structuralist Approach. Palgrave Macmillan.

Berelson, B. (1952). Content Analysis in Communication Researches. Free Press.

Berrocal G. (Coord.) (2017). Politainment. La política espectáculo en los medios de comunicación. Tirant Lo Blanch.

Berrocal G. & Campos Domínguez, E. (2012). El infoentretenimiento político en Internet. Un análisis de los vídeos más vistos en YouTube de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero y Mariano Rajoy, en S. Berrocal Gonzalo y E. Campos Domínguez (Coords.), La investigación en periodismo político en el entorno de los nuevos medios, (pp. 75-90). Sociedad Española de Periodística.

Blumler, J. G. (Ed.) (1992). Television and the Public Interest. Sage.

Brewer, P. R. & Cao, X. (2006). Candidate Appearences on Soft News Shows and Public Knowledge About Primary Campaigns. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 50(1), 18-35.

Bruns, T. & Marcinowski; F. (1997). Politische Information im Fernsehen: Eine Längsschnittstudie zur Veránderung der Politikvermittlung in Nachritchen uns politischen Informationssendugen. Leske + Bludrich.

Cann, D. J. & Mohr, P. B. (2001). Journalists and Source Gender in Australian Television News. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45, 162-174.

Carlin, D. & Winfrey, K. (2009). Have You Come a Long Way, Baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin and Sex¬ism in 2008 Campaign Coverage. Communication Studies, 60(4), 326–43.

Curran, J. & Iyengar, S. & Lund, A. B. & Salovaara-Moring, I. (2009). Media system, public knowledge and democracy: A comparative Study. European Journal of Communication, 24(1), 5-26.

Curran, J. & Salovaara-Moring, I. & Cohen, S. & Iyengar, S. (2010). Crime, foreigners and hard news: A cross-national comparison of reporting and public perception. Journalism, 11(1), 3-19.

Donsbach, W. & Búttner, K. (2005). Boulevardisiertungstrend in deutschen Fernséhnachrichten. Publizistic, 50(1), 21-38.

Fernández, N. (2014). Medios, género y política. Representación en prensa escrita de las ministras españolas (1982-2011). (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.

García Avilés, J. A. (2007). El infoentretenimiento en los informativos líderes de audiencia en la Unión Europea. Anàlisi, 35, 47-63.

García Beaudoux, V. (2014. Influencia de la televisión en la creación de estereotipos de género y en la percepción social del liderazgo femenino. La importancia de la táctica de reencuadre para el cambio social. Ciencia Política, 9(18), 47-66.

García Beaudoux, V. (2017). ¿Quién teme el poder de las mujeres? Bailar hacia atrás con tacones altos. Grupo 5.

García Beaudoux, V. (2018). Medios de comunicación, estereotipos de género y liderazgo femenino en América Latina, en F. Freidenberg, M. Caminotti, B. Muñoz-Pogossian y T. Dosek (eds.): Mujeres en la Política: Experiencias nacionales y subnacionales en América Latina. Cap. 4. Instituto Electoral de la Ciudad de México e Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas UNAM.

García Beaudoux, V. & D´Adamo, O. & Gavensky, M. (2018). Una tipología de los sesgos y estereotipos de género en la cobertura periodística de las mujeres candidatas. Revista Mexicana de Opinión Pública, (24), 113-129.

Garramone, G. M. & Steele, M. E. & Pinkleton, B. (1991). The role of cognitive schemata in determining candidate características effects, en F. Biocca (Ed.), Television and Political Advertising, Vol. 1. Psychological Processes, (pp. 311-328). Erlbaum.

Gerbner, G., Morgan, M. & Signiorelli, N. (1994). Growing Up with Television: The Cultivation Perspective, en J. Bryant & D. Zillman. Media Effects. Advances in Theory and Research, (pp. 17-42). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Jebril, N., Albaek, E. & De Vreese, C. H. (2013). Infotainment, Cynism and Democracy: The effects of privatization vs personalization in the news. European Journal of Communication, 28(2), 150-121.

Kahneman, D. (2012). Thinking Fast and Slow. Penguin Random House.

Krippendorff, K. (1990). Metodología del análisis de contenido. Teoría y práctica. Paidós.

Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Sage.

Lake, C. & Snell, A. & Gormley, C & Lethbridge-Cejku, F. (2010). A Simulation of the Impact of Sexism in Campaigns [en linea], Lake Research Partners, Berkeley, 2010. http://www.lakeresearch.com/news/NameIt-ChangeIt/NameItChangeIt.pres.pdf

Lake, C. & Snell, A. & Gormley, C. & Lethbridge-Cejku, F. (2013). An Examination of the Impact of Media Coverage of Womens’ Candidates Appearance. Findings of an Online Dial Survey of 1500 Likely Voters Nationwide with an Oversample of 100 Young Women Voters [en linea], Lake Research Partners, Berkeley, 2013. http://wmc.3cdn.net/60f76f6e9c8192224c_34m6b9yo2.pdf

Lehman-Wilzig, S. & Seletzky, M. (2010). Hard news, soft news, ‘general’ news: The necessity and utility of an intermediate classification. Journalism, 11(1), 37-56.

Lemish, D. & Tidhar, C. E. (1999). Still marginal: Women in Israel´s television election campaign. Sex roles: A Journal of Research, (41), 389-412.

Mazzoleni, G. & Schulz, W. (1999). Mediatization of Politics: A Challenge for Democracy? Political Communication, (16), 247-261.

McQuail, D. (2013). Teorias da comunicação de massa. Penso.

Mitchelstein, E., Andelsman, V. & Boczkowski, P. (2019). Joanne Public vs. Joe Public: News Sourcing and Gender Imbalance on Argentine Digital Media. Digital Journalism, 1-17.

Molero, F. (2004). El liderazgo, en C. Huici Casal y J. F. Morales Domínguez (Dirs.) (2004), Psicología dr Grupos I. Estructura y Procesos, (Cap. 5, pp. 141-170), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia.

Nieland, J. (2008). Politainment. En W. Donsbach, The International Encyclopedia of Communication. Blackwell Publishing.

Norris, P. (2004). A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. Harvard University.

Patterson, T. E. (2000). Doing Well and Doing Good: How Soft News Are Shrinking the News Audience and Weakening Democracy. Harvard University Press.

Quevedo Redondo, R. y Berrocal Gonzalo, S. (2018). Frames, estereotipos y mujeres políticas. Más poder local, (36), 32-36.

Reinemann, C. & Stanyer, J. & Scherr, S. & Legnante, G. (2011). Hard and soft news: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism, 13(2), 1-19.

Sayre, S. & King, C. (2010). Entertetainment and society. Influences, impacts and innovations. Routledge.

Schultz, D. (2012). Politainment: The ten rules of contemporary politics: a citizens’ guide to understanding campaigns and elections. Amazon.com.

Tchuman, G. (1972). Objectivity as a Strategic Ritual. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 660-679.

Scott, D. K., & Gobetz, R.H. (1992). Hards news/soft news content of the national broadcast networks. Journalism-Quarterly, 1972-1987, 69(2), 406-412.

Thussu, D. K. (2007). News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment. Sage.

Trappel, J. (2019). Inequality, (New) Media and Communications, en J. Trappel (Ed.), Digital Media Inequalities: Politics against Divides, Distrust, and Discrimination, (pp. 9-30). Nordicom.

Tuchuman, G. (1972). Objectivity as a Strategic Ritual. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 660-679.

Tuchman, G. (1973). Making news by doing work: Routinizing the unexpected. The American Journal of Sociology, 7(1), 387-402.

Unión Interparlamentaria y ONU Mujeres (2017). Women in politics 2017 map. UN Women. http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2017/4/women-in-politics-2017-map

Wagner, A., Trimble, L. y Sampert, S. (2019). One Smart Politician: Gendered Media Discourses of Political Leadership in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 52(1), 141-162.

Waldahl, R. & Andersen, M. B. & Ronning, H. (2009). TV-nyheteness verden. Universitetsforlaget.

Waters, S. E., Dudash-Buskirk, E. A. & Pipan, R. M. (2018). Battleground Texas: Gendered Media Framing of the 2014 Texas Gubernatorial Race. Journal of Feminist Scholarship, 14(14), 55-71.

Winfrey, K. L. & Schnoebelen, J. M. (2019). Running as a woman (or man): a review of research on political communicators and gender stereotypes. Review of Communication Research, 7, 109-138.