Analysis of political disinformation in the Spanish government leaders' speeches via X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2025-2308Keywords:
Social Networks, Twitter, X, political leaders, disinformation, Spanish government, political discourseAbstract
Introduction: Social networks, especially Twitter (now X), have become key platforms for the dissemination of false or biased information by political leaders, affecting public perception and democracy. This study analyzes how this disinformation influences public opinion and exacerbates political polarization. Methodology: The research is based on a systematic review of the literature on political disinformation and an analysis of the activity on X of Spanish political leaders during significant events between 2021 and 2022. Using Fanpage Karma, the tweets of six political representatives, including the Prime Minister and spokespersons of the main parties in Congress, were analyzed. The events studied were the Trans Law, the mass crossing of immigrants in Melilla, the return of former King Juan Carlos I, and the NATO Summit in Madrid. Results: The analysis revealed that most political messages on X lack transparency and are emotionally charged, with a predominance of accusations and criticisms. Messages about the Trans Law were the most numerous, highlighting terms such as human rights, equality, and feminism, while others focused on the repeal of laws and government criticism. Activity on X shows a trend toward polarization, with few neutral messages and a high level of emotional and controversial reactions. Discussion and Conclusions: The study concludes that disinformation in political communication on X is significant and contributes to informational disorder, weakening public trust in democratic institutions. The high frequency of emotional and contradictory messages fosters insecurity and political polarization. The need for media literacy programs is emphasized to equip citizens with the skills to critically assess information on social networks. Public administrations and media outlets should promote greater transparency and accuracy in political information to counteract disinformation and strengthen democracy.
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