Lobbies, communication, and public perception in Spain: characterization and sociodemographic influences

Álvaro Serna-Ortega; Andrea Moreno-Cabanillas; Antonio Castillo-Esparcia

doi:10.4185/rlcs-2026-2538

Authors

Álvaro Serna-Ortega University of Malaga https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5374-4722
Andrea Moreno-Cabanillas University of Malaga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-1607
Antonio Castillo-Esparcia University of Malaga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9751-8628

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2026-2538

Keywords:

lobbying, public perception, Spain, influence, governance, democracy

Abstract

Introducción: La percepción que la sociedad tiene de los grupos de presión desempeña un papel crucial en la configuración de su influencia potencial. Partiendo de esta premisa, la presente investigación pretende explorar la percepción pública de los lobbies en España en función de tres criterios: los atributos asociados a sus actividades, los tipos de organizaciones y los intereses defendidos (O1). Además, busca analizar la influencia de las variables sociodemográficas en la percepción de los grupos de presión (O2). Metodología: El enfoque metodológico es cuantitativo y exploratorio. La recogida de datos implica 418 cuestionarios, mientras que el análisis de los datos abarca diversos procedimientos estadísticos, como análisis de varianza (ANOVA), regresiones logísticas binarias y análisis de coeficientes B de regresión, entre otros. Resultados: El examen de los resultados revela un escenario polarizado, con una percepción pública predominantemente negativa de los grupos de presión, especialmente en lo que respecta a su transparencia y ética. Sin embargo, las respuestas tienden a ser más neutrales o incluso ligeramente positivas en determinados casos, como el de las organizaciones que defienden intereses sociales. En cuanto a la influencia de las variables sociodemográficas, las personas con ideologías de derechas, mayor estatus económico y educación superior tienden a tener una percepción más positiva de los grupos de presión. Discusión y conclusiones: Estos hallazgos contribuyen a explicar uno de los determinantes más decisivos en la capacidad de los grupos de presión para influir en los procesos de formulación de políticas, y subrayan la importancia de abordar las preocupaciones públicas para mejorar la transparencia y legitimidad de sus actividades.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Álvaro Serna-Ortega, University of Malaga

Research Staff in Training (FPU23). Lecturer in the Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising of the Faculty of Communication Sciences. Contracted researcher in the Research Project “Lobby and Communication”, funded by the State R+D+i Program (CSO2016-79357-R). Doctoral student of the Interuniversity Doctoral Program in Communication of the Universities of Cadiz, Huelva, Malaga and Seville in the line of Advertising and Public Relations. Degree in Advertising and Public Relations and Master in Strategic Management and Innovation in Communication. His lines of research focus on political communication, international relations and organizational communication.

Andrea Moreno-Cabanillas, University of Malaga

Contracted teaching and research staff of the Department of Advertising and Audiovisual Communication of the University of Malaga. She has been predoctoral researcher FPU 2019 and POP. PhD in Communication from the Universities of Cadiz, Huelva, Malaga and Seville in the line of Advertising and Public Relations. Graduate in Advertising and Public Relations from the University of Malaga and Master's Degree in Teacher Training in Secondary Education and Vocational Training from the University of Murcia. Author of more than 70 conference papers and 50 publications. Member of the Research Project Lobby and Communication, funded by the State Program of R+D+i (CSO2016-79357-R). Belongs to the EVAPROP network that integrates 45 researchers from 8 Ibero-American countries. Research focused on interest groups, lobbies in the European Union, with funded research stay at Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) and RMIT University (Australia).

Antonio Castillo-Esparcia, University of Malaga

University Professor. With a degree and PhD in Communication from the Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), he joined the University of Malaga as a lecturer in 1997, where he teaches public relations, political communication and communication in non-governmental organisations. He is the author of more than 150 publications including journal articles, books and book chapters in national and foreign publishing houses. Director of the Lobby and Communication Research Project, funded by the State R&D&I Programme (CSO2016-79357-R). Director of the Public Relations in Small and Medium Enterprises Research Group. President of the Association of Public Relations Researchers (AIRP). Currently, he is the director of the Department of Audiovisual Communication and Advertising and Coordinator of the Master's Degree in Strategic Management and Innovation in Communication. He also serves as an evaluator for the National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation (ANECA), the Agency for the Quality of the University System of Catalonia (AQU), the Basque University System Quality Agency (UNIBASQ) and the State Research Agency.

References

Aizenberg, E., Werner, H., & Van Geldere, S. (2024). Helping citizens to lobby themselves. Experimental evidence on the effects of citizen lobby engagement on internal efficacy and political support. Journal of European Public Policy, 31(11), 3561-3590. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2266459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2266459

Andina-Díaz, A. (2007). Reinforcement vs. change: the political influence of the media. Public Choice, 131, 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9105-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9105-1

Avin, C., Daltrophe, H., & Lotker, Z. (2024). On the impossibility of breaking the echo chamber effect in social media using regulation. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50850-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50850-6

Awad, E. (2024). Understanding influence in informational lobbying. Interest Groups & Advocacy, 13(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41309-023-00197-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41309-023-00197-0

Bernauer, T., & Gampfer, R. (2013). Effects of civil society involvement on popular legitimacy of global environmental governance. Global Environmental Change, 23(2), 439-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.01.001

Berry, J. M. (2015). Lobbying for the people: the political behavior of public interest groups. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400867301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400867301

Beyers, J., & Arras, S. (2021). Stakeholder consultations and the legitimacy of regulatory decision‐making: a survey experiment in Belgium. Regulation & Governance, 15(3), 877-893. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12323

Bouwen, P. (2002). Corporate lobbying in the European Union: the logic of access. Journal of European Public Policy, 9(3), 365-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760210138796 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760210138796

Bouwen, P. (2004). Exchanging access goods for access: a comparative study of business lobbying in the European Union institutions. European Journal of Political Research, 43(3), 337-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00157.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00157.x

de Bruycker, I., & Beyers, J. (2015). Balanced or biased? Interest groups and legislative lobbying in the European news media. Political Communication, 32(3), 453-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.958259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.958259

de Bruycker, I., & Beyers, J. (2019). Lobbying strategies and success: inside and outside lobbying in European Union legislative politics. European Political Science Review, 11(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755773918000218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773918000218

Campos, N. F., & Giovannoni, F. (2007). Lobbying, corruption and political influence. Public Choice, 131, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9102-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9102-4

Castells, M. (2007). Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal of Communication, 1, 238-266. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/46

Castillo-Esparcia, A., Almansa-Martínez, A., & Gonçalves, G. (2022). Lobbies: the hidden side of digital politics. In B. García-Orosa (Ed.), Digital political communication strategies (pp. 75-93). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81568-4_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81568-4_5

Chari, R. S., Hogan, J. W., Murphy, G., & Crepaz, M. (2020). Regulating lobbying: a global comparison. Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526117243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526117243

Crepaz, M. (2024). Lobbying transparency and attitudes towards interest groups: a survey experiment. Interest Groups & Advocacy, 13(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41309-024-00201-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41309-024-00201-1

Crepaz, M., & Arikan, G. (2024). The effects of transparency regulation on political trust and perceived corruption: evidence from a survey experiment. Regulation & Governance, 18(3), 896-913. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12555

Dinan, W. (2021). Lobbying transparency: the limits of EU monitory democracy. Politics and Governance, 9(1), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i1.3936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i1.3936

Dockendorff, A., & Lodato, S. (2024). When do interest groups lobby legislators in strong presidential systems? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 49(2), 289-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12419

Dür, A., & Mateo, G. (2014). Public opinion and interest group influence: how citizen groups derailed the ACTA. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(8), 1199-1217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.900893 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.900893

Dür, A., & Mateo, G. (2024). Lobbying in the face of politicisation: interest group strategies in trade policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 31(1), 212-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2203161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2203161

Dwidar, M. A. (2022). Diverse lobbying coalitions and influence in notice‐and‐comment rulemaking. Policy Studies Journal, 50(1), 199-240. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12431

Dyck, A., Moss, D., & Zingales, L. (2013). Media versus special interests. The Journal of Law and Economics, 56(3), 521-553. https://doi.org/10.1086/673216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/673216

Flamino, J., Galeazzi, A., Feldman, S., Macy, M., Cross, B., Zhou, Z., [...] & Szymanski, B. (2023). Political polarization of news media and influencers on Twitter in the 2016 and 2020 US presidential elections. Nature Human Behaviour, 7(6), 904-916. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01550-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01550-8

Frangi, L., Koos, S., & Hadziabdic, S. (2017). In unions we trust! Analysing confidence in unions across Europe. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 55(4), 831-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12248

Godwin, K., Ainsworth, S. H., & Godwin, E. (2012). Lobbying and policymaking: the public pursuit of private interests. CQ Press. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483349336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483349336

Gray, V., Lowery, D., Fellowes, M., & McAtee, A. (2004). Public opinion, public policy, and organized interests in the American states. Political Research Quarterly, 57(3), 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700306

Grose, C. R., Lopez, P., Sadhwani, S., & Yoshinaka, A. (2022). Social lobbying. The Journal of Politics, 84(1), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1086/714923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/714923

Habermas, J. (1996). Between facts and norms: contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1564.001.0001

Hmielowski, J. D., Hutchens, M. J., & Beam, M. A. (2020). Asymmetry of partisan media effects? Examining the reinforcing process of conservative and liberal media with political beliefs. Political Communication, 37(6), 852-868. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1763525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1763525

Holyoke, T. T. (2020). Interest groups and lobbying: pursuing political interests in America. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003041795 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003041795

Hrebenar, R. J., McBeth, C. H., & Morgan, B. B. (2008). Interests and lobbying in Lithuania: a spectrum of development. Journal of Public Affairs, 8(1‐2), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.281

Judd, G. (2023). Access to proposers and influence in collective policy making. The Journal of Politics, 85(4), 1430-1443. https://doi.org/10.1086/723992 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/723992

Junk, W. M. (2020). Co-operation as currency: how active coalitions affect lobbying success. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(6), 873-892. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1631377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1631377

Junk, W. M., & Rasmussen, A. (2024). Are citizens responsive to interest groups? A field experiment on lobbying and intended citizen behaviour. West European Politics, 47(7), 1643-1669. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2229710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2229710

Junk, W. M., Crepaz, M., Hanegraaff, M., Berkhout, J., & Aizenberg, E. (2022). Changes in interest group access in times of crisis: no pain, no (lobby) gain. Journal of European Public Policy, 29(9), 1374-1394. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1968936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1968936

Kanol, D. (2018). Knowledge of lobbying regulations and attitudes toward politics: findings from a survey experiment in Cyprus. Public Integrity, 20(2), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1303882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1303882

Kim, J., Welbourne Eleazar, M. J., & Lee, S. H. (2024). The influence of media scrutiny on firms’ strategic eschewal of lobbying. Strategic Management Journal, 45(11), 2340-2367. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3633

Klüver, H. (2013). Lobbying in the European Union: interest groups, lobbying coalitions, and policy change. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657445.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657445.001.0001

Koch, T., & Schulz-Knappe, C. (2021). Corporate lobbying: role perceptions and perceived influence on political decisions of public affairs professionals. Public Relations Review, 47(4), 102062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102062

Kollman, K. (1998). Outside lobbying: public opinion and interest group strategies. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691221472 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691221472

Kuzmova, J. (2011). Perception of political lobbying in Slovakia as a controversial issue: contrast between the public, lobbyists, and public officials. The roots, implications for present, and challenges for future [Doctoral Thesis]. Central European University.

Laboutková, Š., & Vymětal, P. (2023). A black box assessment of institutional quality: the challenge of evaluating lobbying transparency. Policy Studies, 44(3), 336-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2022.2053092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2022.2053092

Lax, J. R., & Phillips, J. H. (2012). The democratic deficit in the States. American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), 148-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00537.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00537.x

Lee, J., & Stuckatz, J. (2024). Mobilization and strategies: comparing trade lobbying in the US and Canada. Comparative Political Studies, 57(2), 287-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140231193014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140231193014

Lock, I., & Davidson, S. (2024). Argumentation strategies in lobbying: toward a typology. Journal of Communication Management, 28(2), 345-364. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcom-09-2022-0111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-09-2022-0111

Moreno-Cabanillas, A., Castillo-Esparcia, A., & Castillero-Ostio, E. (2024). Lobbying and mass media. Analysis of media coverage of lobbying in Spain. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 82, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2024-2059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2024-2059

Moreno-Cabanillas, A., Serna-Ortega, Á., & Castillero-Ostio, E. (2025). Análisis longitudinal de la cobertura mediática de los lobbies en la prensa generalista impresa española. Revista de Comunicación, 24(1), 343-366. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC24.1-2025-3710

Nalick, M., Kuban, S., Ridge, J. W., Zardkoohi, A., Bierman, L., & Schijven, M. (2023). When not one of the crowd: the effects of CEO ideological divergence on lobbying strategy. Journal of Management, 49(3), 1106-1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211073690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211073690

O’Neill, M. (2009). Public confidence in charitable nonprofits. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(2), 237-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008326895 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008326895

Peng, C. Y. J., Lee, K. L., & Ingersoll, G. M. (2002). An introduction to logistic regression analysis and reporting. The Journal of Educational Research, 96(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670209598786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670209598786

Pitkin, H. F. (1967). The concept of representation. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503

Porumbescu, G., Meijer, A., & Grimmelikhuijsen, S. (2022). Government transparency: state of the art and new perspectives. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108678568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108678568

Raknes, K., & Ihlen, Ø. (2020). Self‐interest in new wrapping: “appeal to the public interest” as a topos in lobbying. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(2), e2059. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2059

Rasmussen, A., & Reher, S. (2023). (Inequality in) interest group involvement and the legitimacy of policy making. British Journal of Political Science, 53(1), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123422000242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000242

Rasmussen, A., Mäder, L. K., & Reher, S. (2018). With a little help from the people? The role of public opinion in advocacy success. Comparative Political Studies, 51(2), 139-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017695334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017695334

Rich, J. A. J. (2020). Organizing twenty-first-century activism: from structure to strategy in Latin American social movements. Latin American Research Review, 55(3), 430-444. https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.452

Richan, W. C. (2013). Lobbying for social change. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203051573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203051573

Ron, A., & Singer, A. A. (2020). Democracy, corruption, and the ethics of business lobbying. Interest Groups & Advocacy, 9(1), 38-56. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41309-019-00073-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41309-019-00073-w

Rudy, B. C., & Johnson, A. F. (2016). The Chief Political Officer: CEO characteristics and firm investment in corporate political activity. Business & Society, 58(3), 612-643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650316675606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650316675606

Scharpf, F. (1999). Governing in Europe: effective and democratic? Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295457.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295457.001.0001

Serna-Ortega, Á., Almansa-Martínez, A., & Castillo-Esparcia, A. (2025). Influence of lobbying in EU policy process phases. Frontiers in Political Science, 7, 1511918. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2025.1511918 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2025.1511918

Serna-Ortega, Á., Gorostiza-Cerviño, A., & Moreno-Cabanillas, A. (2024). Interests groups access in the EU’s portfolio-based governance. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, 14(28), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.5783/revrrpp.v14i28.879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5783/revrrpp.v14i28.879

Shapiro, R. Y. (2011). Public opinion and American democracy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(5), 982-1017. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr053

Shehata, A., Ekström, M., & Tryggvason, P. O. (2024). Selective exposure and new political cleavages: media use and ideological reinforcement over time. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 29(3), 733-754. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221112003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221112003

Smith, M. A. (2000). American business and political power. Chicago University Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo3630093.html DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226764658.001.0001

Sobbrio, F. (2013). Indirect lobbying and media bias. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 6(3-4), 235-274. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00010087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00010087

Stevens, F., & de Bruycker, I. (2020). Influence, affluence and media salience: economic resources and lobbying influence in the European Union. European Union Politics, 21(4), 728-750. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116520944572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116520944572

Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x

Törnberg, P., & Törnberg, A. (2024). Inside a white power echo chamber: why fringe digital spaces are polarizing politics. New Media & Society, 26(8), 4511-4533. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221122915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221122915

Truijens, D., & Hanegraaff, M. (2024). It ain’t over ‘til it’s over: interest-group influence in policy implementation. Political Studies Review, 22(2), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299231162015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299231162015

Unsal, O., Hassan, M. K., & Zirek, D. (2016). Corporate lobbying, CEO political ideology and firm performance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 38, 126-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.04.001

Woll, C. (2019). Corporate power beyond lobbying. American Affairs, 3(3), 38-55. https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2019/08/corporate-power-beyond-lobbying/

Yates, L. (2023). How platform businesses mobilize their users and allies: corporate grassroots lobbying and the Airbnb ‘movement’ for deregulation. Socio-Economic Review, 21(4), 1917-1943. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwad028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwad028

Young, I. M. (2002). Inclusion and democracy. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198297556.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198297556.001.0001

Artículos relacionados

Astudillo González, C. (2025). Responsabilidad civil e inmunidad familiar. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 10, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-1387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-1387

Brandín, J. A. y Barquero, J. D. (2024). La confiabilidad: el lugar donde la confianza de ego y la promesa de alter pueden encontrarse. Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información, 29. https://doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2024.29.e298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2024.29.e298

García, J. A. (2024). Algunas notas sobre la regulación de los lobbies en España. Asamblea. Revista parlamentaria de la Asamblea de Madrid, 46, 63-101. https://doi.org/10.59991/rvam/2024/n.46/966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59991/rvam/2024/n.46/966

Lalaleo Analuisa, F. R., Chenet Zuta, M. E., Martínez Yacelga, A. P. y Bonilla Jurado, D. M. (2023). Imagen corporativa desde la perspectiva de la comunicación empresarial: caso Asociación Artesanal Cuero y Afines de Quisapincha. Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI, 56, 265-281. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2023.56.e829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2023.56.e829

Moreno-Cabanillas, A., Serna-Ortega, Á., & Castillero-Ostio, E. (2025). Análisis longitudinal de la cobertura mediática de los lobbies en la prensa generalista impresa española. Revista de Comunicación, 24(1), 343-366. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9286757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26441/RC24.1-2025-3710