Perspectivas para abordar la  inteligencia artificial en la enseñanza de periodismo. Una revisión de experiencias investigadoras y docentes

Gloria Gómez-Diago

doi:10.4185/RLCS-2022-1542

Authors

Gloria Gómez-Diago Universidad Rey Juan Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9783-3847

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2022-1542

Keywords:

competencies, communication;, university teaching;, teaching innovation;, journalism;, algorithmic journalism;, automated journalism

Abstract

Introduction: In a context where media are increasingly using artificial intelligence (Neuman, 2021), and where this technology is absent in bachelor's and master's degrees in communication in Spain (Sanchez García; Calvo Barbero; Díez Gracia, 2021; Ufarte; Calvo; Murcia, 2020; Ufarte; Fieiras; Túñez, 2020). Methodology: We have located research projects and international teaching experiences addressing artificial intelligence and introducing it within journalism education. In addition, during the year 2021, we have participated in six national and international academic events addressing artificial intelligence within three areas of the field of communication: research, professional context, and university teaching. Results: The insights, the projects, and teaching initiatives obtained approach artificial intelligence fundamentally, from two angles, a critical perspective that pays attention to the social consequences of its use in the media context and an applied perspective aiming to train journalism students fundamentally in three competences: data collection and processing, automated content creation and content verification. Conclusions: Being scarce, the research and teaching initiatives available, they provide ways to introduce artificial intelligence in the curriculum of the degrees and masters in journalism and communication, from a critical perspective that taking into account what the media does, assumes the formative challenges derived from the use and extension of this technology.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Gloria Gómez-Diago, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

Professor at the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. She holds a Ph.D. in Communication Sciences. Extraordinary Doctorate Award with the doctoral thesis “Para investigar en comunicación 400 ideas y una propuesta para actualizar el paradigma de la interacción”. Her main lines of research are: meta-research in communication; citizen participation, and cyberculture. In these lines of research, she has more than thirty publications

References

Anderson, C. W. (2013). Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism. New Media and Society, 15(7), 1005-1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812465137

Anderson, C. W. (2011). Deliberative, Agonistic, and Algorithmic Audiences: Journalism's Vision of its Public in an Age of Audience Transparency. International Journal of Communication, 5 (19). https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/884

Beckett, Ch. (2019). New powers, new responsibilities. A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence.LSE. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Polis Journalism and Society. Think Thank at LSE. https://bit.ly/3HKYefy

Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Hardvard University. Artificial Intelligence. Digital Citizenship + Resource Platform https://dcrp.berkman.harvard.edu/search/node/artificial%20intelligence

Berret, Ch. y Phillips, Ch. (2016). Teaching data and computational journalism. Columbia Journalism School. Knight Foundation. https://bit.ly/3qYUNes

Bory, P., Natale, S. y Trudel, D. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: Reframing Thinking Machines Within the History of Media and Communication. En G. Balbi, N. Ribeiro, V. Schafer & C. Schwarzenegger (Ed.), Digital Roots: Historicizing Media and Communication Concepts of the Digital Age (pp. 95-114). Berlin, Boston: De GruyterOldenbourg. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110740202-006

Bory P. (2019). Deep new: The shifting narratives of artificial intelligence from Deep Blue to AlphaGo. Convergence, 25(4), 627-642. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856519829679

Broussard, M. (2019). Rethinking Artificial Intelligence in Journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 675-678. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019859901

Broussard, M. (2014). Artificial Intelligence for Investigative Reporting. Digital Journalism, 3(6), 814-831. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.985497

Calvo Rubio, L. y Ufarte Ruiz, M. (2020). Percepción de docentes universitarios, estudiantes, responsables de innovación y periodistas sobre el uso de inteligencia artificial en periodismo. Profesional de la Informacion, 29(1), https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.ene.09.

Chambers, D. (2021, abril 21). Cultural Studies. (Conferencia). Seminar Schools of Thought in Communication Studies. An Assessment of their currency and contribution to the field. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.

Chiusi, F. (2020). Automating Society Report. AlgorithmWatch. https://bit.ly/3HEfyCK

Coddington, M. (2015). Clarifying journalism’s quantitative turn: A typology for evaluating data journalism, computational journalism, and computer-assisted reporting. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976400

Cohen, S., Hamilton, J.T y Turner, F. (2011). Computational Journalism. Communications of the ACM, October 2011, 54(19), 66-71. https://bit.ly/3JQsdEE

Cohenen, A. (2019, octubre 17). How The New York Times is Experimenting with Recommendation Algorithms Algorithmic curation at The Times is used in designated parts of our website and apps. The New York Times. https://nyti.ms/31GjYda

Crawford, K. (2021). Atlas of AI Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press. Edición de Kindle.

Davis, B. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and 5G WillForce Journalism Schools to Accentuate the Basics in Instruction. Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism. doi: 10.37421/2165-7912.10.264. https://bit.ly/2YyQKLA

Deuze, M. (2017). Considering a possible future for Digital Journalism. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 8(1), 9-18. https://www.doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM2017.8.1.

Diakopoulos, N. (2019). Paving the Human-Centered Future of Artificial Intelligence + Journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 678-681.

Diakopoulos, N. (2017).JOUR779V:Computational Journalism - Spring 2017. https://bit.ly/3q4mEL1

Diakopoulos, N. (2013). Algorithmic Accountability Reporting: On the Investigation of Black Boxes. Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University. https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8ZK5TW2

Dörr, K. N. (2016) Mapping the field of Algorithmic Journalism. Digital Journalism, 4:6, 700-722, https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748

Drok, N. (2019). Journalistic Roles, Values and Qualifications in the 21st century. How European journalism educators view the future of a profession in transition. European Journalism Training Association. https://www.ejta.eu/sites/ejta.eu/files/2019%2004%2012%20DROK%20Report%20RVQ.pdf

Dupagne, M. (2019). Concluding Comments: A Few More Points About Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence and Journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 686-688.

European Commission (2021). Digital Europe for a more competitive, autonomous and sustainable Europe. Brochure. https://bit.ly/3qRHGeW

European Commission. (2018.b). Communication. Tackling online disinformation: A European approach. https://bit.ly/31zdMn0

European Commission. (2018.a). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation. Final report of the High Level Expert Group on fake news and online disinformation. https://bit.ly/3G9TYG6

Finberg, H. (2013, agosto 9). Journalism schools need to adapt or risk becoming irrelevant. Poynter. https://www.poynter.org/reportingediting/2013/scary-future-journalism-education

Folkerts, J., Maxwell, J. y Lemann, N. (2013). Educating Journalists: A New Plea for the University Tradition. Nueva York: Columbia Journalism School. https://bit.ly/32QCGiU

Friedman, L. (2019, junio 26). Rise of the Robots: Coming to a First-Year Intro to Journalism Class Near You. Lehigh University. https://bit.ly/31DW0PG

Gandi, H. O. (2021). Algorithmic manipulation. How shall we respond to the threatsand challenguesbefore us.(Conferencia). Whatis Communication? Speaker Series. Universidad de Oregon. 6 de mayo, 2021.

García Galera, C., Martínez Nicolás, M. y Del Hoyo Hurtado, M. (2021). Innovation in journalism educational programmes at university. A systematic review of educational experiences. Profesional de la información, 30(3), 1- 17. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.may.07

Gehl, R. W. (2014). Reverse engineering social media. Software, culture and political economy in new media capitalism. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University.

Gibson, J.J. (1977). The Theory of Affordances. En R. Shaw and J. Bransford (Eds.) Perceiving, Acting, and Knowing. Toward an Ecological Psychology, (pp.67-82). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Goleatz, K., Bear, F., Katzenbach, C. (2018). The Turn to Artificial Intelligence in Governing Communication Online. HIIG Workshop Report. The Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society (HIIG). https://bit.ly/3HNdgkH

Gómez-Diago, G. (2014). Emancipative technology in formal education. The case for free and open source software (FOSS). En M. Stochetti. (Ed.), Media and Education in the Digital Age. A Critical Introduction. Concepts, Assessments, Subversions. (pp. 341-357). Peter Lang. https://bit.ly/3cvft6L

Gordon, C. y Lul, J. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and the Introductory MassCommunication Class. En P. Guénée, M., François Bernier, P., Rodrigues Roleau y S. Puig (Eds.), Teaching journalism during a disruptive age. Conference Proceedings World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC), 792-802. https://bit.ly/3fhO221

Gillespie, T. (2014). The Relevance of Algorithms In Media! Technologies. Paths. Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society, ed. Tarleton Gillespie, Pablo Boczkowski, and Kirsten Foot. MIT Press.

Guilmor, D. (2016). Towards a new model for journalism education. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 815-819. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2016.1164998

Gunkel, D. J. (2020). An Introduction to Communication and Artificial Intelligence. Polity Books.

Gunkel, D. (2018). AI, Robots & Communication. http://gunkelweb.com/coms493/

Gunkel, D. (2012). Communication and Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges for the 21st Century, communication +1, 1(1). https://bit.ly/3f1hyZv

Guzman, A. L., Lewis, S. C. (2020). Artificial intelligence and communication: A Human–Machine Communication research agenda. New Media & Society, 22(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858691

Hewett, J. (2016). Learning to teach data journalism: Innovation, influence and

constraints. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 17(1), 199-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915612681

Joler, V. (2021). Infraestructures. Seminario Histories of AI: Imaginaries and Materialities.DigiLabour. Laboratorio de Pesquisa. University of Cambridge. 19-20 de abril. https://bit.ly/33hRh6Q

Jones, J. (2018). How to Easily Introduce Chatbots to Journalism Students. Mediashift. http://mediashift.org/2018/02/easily-introduce-chatbots-journalism-students/

Kashyap, G., Bhaskaran, H. (2020). Teaching Data Journalism: Insights for Indian Journalism Education. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 30(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1326365X20923200

Körner, Th. (2019). Curiosity and Experimentation with Twitterbots and Automated Journalism. A Practical Course for Teaching Journalists. En P. Guénée, M., François Bernier, P., Rodrigues Roleau y S. Puig (Eds.), Teaching journalism during a disruptive age. Conference Proceedings World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC), (pp. 818-830). https://bit.ly/3fhO221

Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1941). Remarks on administrative and critical research, Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, 9, 2-16.

Lewis, N. P. (2019). Defining and Teaching Data Journalism: A Typology. Teaching journalism during a disruptive age. En P. Guénée, M., François Bernier, P., Rodrigues Roleau y S. Puig (Eds.), Teaching journalism during a disruptive age. Conference Proceedings World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC), 764-779. https://bit.ly/3fhO221

Lewis, S. C., Guzman, A.L. y Schmidt, T. R. (2019). Automation, Journalism, and Human–Machine Communication: Rethinking Roles and Relationships of Humans and Machines in News, Digital Journalism, 7(4), 409-427, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2019.1577147

Liao, H; Wang, Z., & Wu, X. (2019). Developing a minimum viable product for big data and AI education: Action research based on a two-year reform of an undergraduate program of internet and new media. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 42-47. doi:10.1145/3335484.3335509. https://bit.ly/3G87Hx5

López de Quintana, E. (2021). Experiencias y tendencias en unidades de información. XXII Jornada de Gestión de la Información. Sociedad Española de Documentación e Información Científica (SEDIC). 27 de abril.

López López, P. J. (2018). La enseñanza-aprendizaje del periodismo de datos en las facultades españolas. Estudios y propuestas de viabilidad. [tesis inédita de doctorado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid]. https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/50688/1/T40749.pdf

Luttrell R., Wallace A., McCollough C. y Lee J. (2020). The Digital Divide: Addressing Artificial Intelligence in Communication Education. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator; 75(4), 470-482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695820925286

Marconi, F. (2020). Newsmakers: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Journalism. Columbia Universtity Press. https://es1lib.org/book/5552582/f26a2c?id=5552582&secret=f26a2c&dsource=recommend

Marconi, F. y Daldrup, T. (2010, noviembre 11). How The Wall Street Journal is preparing its journalists to detect deepfakes. NiemanLab. https://bit.ly/3JJ7jqS

Marinho, S.; Sánchez García, P. (2021). Trial and Error in Journalism and Communication Education: Between the Classroom and Industry. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Martínez Nicolás, M. (2016). Innovación docente en el grado de periodismo de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, en su modalidad semipresencial. En M. Gértrudix, N. Esteban, J. E. Hortal y C. Gálvez. (Eds.), La innovación docente con TIC como instrumento de innovación (pp. 49-64). Dykinson.

McAdams, M. (2019). Teaching data journalism and computational skills. World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC-5), Paris, July 9–11. https://bit.ly/3f2Y46Y

Murcia, F.J. y Ufarte, M. J. (2019). Mapa de riesgos del periodismo hi-tech. Hipertext.net, 18, 47-55. https://raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/view/10.31009-hipertext.net.2019.i18.05

Nahon, E. (2021) AI and Journalism: nature, role, skills and business models. High Level Conference Artificial Intelligence and Future of Journalism. Will artificial intelligence take hold of the forth State?. European Comission. 11-12 de mayo. https://bit.ly/332EyF0

Natale, S. (2020). Communicating Through or Communicating with: Approaching Artificial Intelligence from a Communication and Media Studies Perspective, Communication Theory, 31(4), 905-910. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa022

Newman, N. (2021, enero 28). Periodismo, medios y tecnología: tendencias y predicciones para 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford https://bit.ly/3HI0t39

O´Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of destruction. How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown.

Orosz, J. (2019). Artificial Intelligence is a Journalist’s Best Friend: An Approach to Using Algorithms in User Credibility Evaluation, Content Verification, and Their Integrated Application in Teaching Journalism. En P. Guénée, M., François Bernier, P., Rodrigues Roleau y S. Puig (Eds.), Teaching journalism during a disruptive age. Conference Proceedings World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC), 1126-1135. http://www.wjec.paris/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/WJEC_proceedings_V2_Final.pdf

Robinson, S. (2013). Teaching “Journalism as Process”: A Proposed Paradigm for J-School Curricula in the Digital Age. Teaching Journalism and Mass Communication, 3 (1), 1-12.http://www.aejmc.net/spig/journal

Royal, C. (2017). Coding the Curriculum: Journalism Education for the Digital Age.383-407. En R.S. Goodman &E. S. (Eds.).Global Journalism Education in the 21st Century: Challenges and Innovations. World JournalismEducation Council. Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas, University of Texas at Austin.

Sanchez García, P., Calvo Barbero, C. y Diez Gracia, A. (2021). Algorithms and bots in journalism studies. Research and teaching in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data in Spanish universities. Newsreel. 6th ECREA Journalism Education Conference. 13 de mayo.

Sandvig, S. (2016). Algorithmic Culture 710.004/COMM 820.001. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~csandvig/710F16/

Sercan, E. (2021). Teaching approaches in Data Journalism and Data Visualization. Newsreel. 6th ECREA Journalism Education Conference. 13 de mayo.

Solkin, L. (2020). Journalism Education in the 21st century: A thematic analysis of the research literature. Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920977299

Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283

Treadwell, G., Ross, T., Lee, A. y Lowenstein, JK. (2016). A Numbers Game: Two Case Studies in Teaching Data Journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 71(3), 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695816665215

Ufarte, M. J., Calvo, L. M. y Murcia, F. J. (2020). Las tecnologías hi-tech en los grados en Periodismo. Planes de estudios, formación de los periodistas y propuestas de inserción curricular. adComunica, 20, 43-66.http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2020.20.3

Ufarte, M. J., Fieiras, C. y Túñez, M. (2020). La enseñanza-aprendizaje del periodismo automatizado en instituciones públicas: estudios,propuestas de viabilidad y perspectivas de impacto de la IA. Anàlisi: Quaderns de Comunicaciói Cultura, 62, 131-146. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/analisi.3289

Veglis, A., Maniou, T.A. y Panagiotou, N. (2019). Journalism Education in the Era Beyond Digitalization: The Impact of Fact-Checking and Verification Techniques Upon Journalism Students. En P. Guénée, M., François Bernier, P., Rodrigues Roleau y S. Puig (Eds.), Teaching journalism during a disruptive age. Conference Proceedings World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC), 73-83. https://bit.ly/3fhO221

Vicente, M., Barros, C., Peregrino, F.S., Agulló, F. y Lloret, E. (2017). La generación del lenguaje natural: análisis del estado actual. Computación y Sistemas, 19 (4), 721-756. https://doi.org/10.13053/CyS-19-4-2196

Vukić, T. (2020). Journalism Education and Fake News: A Literature Review. Media Research: Croatian journal for journalism and the media, 26 (2). https://doi.org/10.22572/mi.26.2.4

Westlund, O. y Lewis, S.L. (2017). Reconsidering News Production: How Understanding the Interplay of Actors, Actants, and Audiences Can Improve Journalism Education (409-428). En R. S. Goodman y E. Steyn (Eds.). Global Journalism Education In the 21st Century: Challenges and Innovations World Journalism Education Council. Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas, University of Texas at Austin.

Xiao, Y., & Watson, M. (2019). Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971

Zamith, R. (2019). Algorithms and Journalism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.779